Pattern of parenchyma and canal resin composition in softwoods and hardwoods

There is a general pattern of resin chemistry for parenchyma cells and secretory tissue. In sapwood the parenchyma resin is composed of fats, steryl esters, and occasionally waxes. Secretory tissue (most often resin canals) contains terpenes, terpenoids, and polyisoprenes. Other types of canal resin occur in a few hardwood families. The pattern is valid for softwoods and hardwoods. It has been defined from a comparison of available information on wood chemistry, wood anatomy, and the chemistry of oleoresin exudates from trees. This is a short overview with the most important references of two detailed reports.     

Tree-to-tree and clone-to-clone variations of monoterpenes emitted from needles of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

Variations in the composition of low boiling point (LBP) monoterpenes emitted from needle samples of 150 hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse) trees (30 strains, each with five clones) native to Shimane Prefecture, Japan, were investigated using a headspace technique. The assays revealed considerable proportional variations especially in the amount of sabinene, which ranged from 24% to 78% of the total LBP monoterpenes. The proportions of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene negatively correlated with that of sabinene overall. In particular, the proportion of limonene showed clear negative correlation with that of sabinene (r = −0.98). Differences in the proportion of sabinene among five clones in each strain were less than 15% in 22 out of 30 strains, indicating that monoterpene composition is constitutively steady in most strains. In a few strains, however, considerable variation in the composition was observed among clones.     

基于转录组测序的文心兰花香形成分析

文心兰具有很高的观赏价值,但花香形成分子机制研究相对薄弱。本研究以香水文心、黄梦香和白梦香为材料,利用气相色谱-质谱分析其花香挥发物成分。结果表明,3个品种的花香挥发物均以萜类化合物为主,但种类差异较大。盛花期花香挥发物总量由高到低依次为黄梦香、香水文心、白梦香。从转录组数据中共获得459 756个单基因(unigenes),大约40.61%的unigenes被公共数据库注释。MEP和MVA途径中的多数基因在黄梦香中表达量最高,香水文心次之,白梦香最低,与花香挥发物释放总量相符。转录组数据中共筛选出5个显著差异表达的萜类合成酶基因(TPS)。其中,OnTPS4在3个品种中均高表达,说明OnTPS4在3个品种中对香气的形成起重要作用;OnTPS1、OnTPS2和OnTPS5在香水文心中表达偏高,是调控香水文心萜类挥发物形成的重要基因;OnTPS3在黄梦香中表达较高,是调控黄梦香萜类挥发物形成的重要基因。由上述结果可知,MEP和MVA途径的基因表达水平与花香挥发物释放总量相一致,TPS的表达与具体萜类挥发物释放密切相关。 本研究通过花香形成机理研究,为文心兰花香改良提供了依据。     

木瓜有效成分的研究

综述了有关木瓜有效成分的最新研究报道,为进一步开发利用木瓜丰富资源提供理论基础。     

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by nootkatone and carvacrol in arthropods

The essential oils from many botanicals have been screened for insecticidal activity. Two constituents of the Alaskan yellow cedar tree, the monoterpenoid carvacrol and the sesquiterpenoid nootkatone, both are toxic against several arthropods. The mode of action through which nootkatone and carvacrol exert their insecticidal activity remains uncertain. It has been hypothesized that they may inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. The degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibition of carvacrol and nootkatone was compared to that of carbaryl, a known acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the house fly (Musca domestica), yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). The concentration of carbaryl, at which 50% of the acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited (IC₅₀), was less than 2 μM in all four arthropod models. Carvacrol was observed to cause slight inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in house flies, ticks and cockroaches, but it did not inhibit the mosquito acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Nootkatone did not inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in any of the four arthropod models tested. From this study, we conclude that the acetylcholinesterase inhibition is not likely the primary mode of action for insecticidal activity by nootkatone or carvacrol.     

橡胶紫茉莉地上部分脂溶性成分化学分析

采用石油醚萃取橡胶紫茉莉(Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Brown)地上部分(茎秆、叶片、花瓣、果实)中的脂溶性成分,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行鉴定,峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量.共检测出52种化合物,鉴定出其中44种.结果显示,橡胶紫茉莉地上部分脂溶性化学...     

针叶树诱导性防御反应研究进展

在长期的进化过程中,针叶树逐步发展形成了由原生性防御和诱导性防御共同组成的防御体系,在抵抗机械损伤、病原菌侵染和植食性昆虫取食的过程中发挥了重要的作用。诱导性防御又分为结构防御和化学防御。文章分别从针叶树的周皮、韧皮部、木质部等组织结构的变化,萜烯类、酚类等化学防御物质的合成代谢等方面,描述了诱导性防御反应的特点和作用形式,总结了针叶树防御反应分子机制研究的最新进展。     

Quantitative comparisons of antitermite extractives in heartwood from the same clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> planted at two different sites

The quantities of some extractives in the heartwood of 25 plus tree clones of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) from two different sites were investigated to clarify the differences in antitermite properties in relation to clones and environmental factors. The measured compounds were cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol. The total amounts of extractives were calculated from gas chromatogram peak areas. The heartwoods from Tano (Tano Forest Research Station, Miyazaki University; 31° N, 131° E, 130 m asl) tended to contain more of the individual extractives and total extractives than those from Komenono (Komenono Forest Research Station, Ehime University; 33° N, 132° E, 700 m asl). There was a significant difference (calculated by analysis of variance) at the 1% level among clones at both sites in quantities of total and individual extractives. This result suggests that the qualities and quantities of heartwood extractives are largely affected by genetic factors. Spearman’s rank correlation with the average of the extractive quantities at the sites was investigated. The correlation coefficients of total extractives, cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol were 0.61, 0.85, 0.76, 0.67, and 0.74, respectively. This result means that the order of the amounts of these compounds among the cultivars could be maintained at different sites. It is apparent that both environmental and genetic factors affected the quantities of these extractives in the heartwoods of Japanese cedar.     

萜类化合物的生理生态功能及经济价值

从增强植物抗病能力、帮助植物抵御天敌、维系植物与其他生物类群的互惠关系以及化感作用等方面综述了萜类化合物维系植物自身生存和发展的生理生态功能。同时，从作为药物的有效成分以及在工业和农业上的利用等方面，综述了萜类化合物对人类的经济价值。