Can trail spatial attributes predict trail use level in urban forest park? An examination integrating GPS data and space syntax theory

Understanding users’ spatial distribution in forest park is crucial for providing visitors with quality recreation experiences and for park planning and management. Utilizing users’ spatial distribution data, this study aims at investigating associations between trail use level and trail spatial attributes, through examining two large urban forest parks (Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park) in Shanghai, China. Users’ spatial distribution was measured utilizing GPS trackers with the interval of 10 seconds. This study conceptualizes trail spatial attributes as trail metric attributes and trail configurational attributes. Trail metric attributes include trail mean distance to gates, length, width and level of enclosure, which are calculated based on park map and on-site observation. We computed trail configurational attributes utilizing space syntax theory, which comprise measures of global integration, control, and connectivity. Trail connection with features/facilities, visual connection with water and shading are included as covariate variables. In total, we obtained 134 valid samples in Gongqing forest park and 210 valid samples in Paotaiwan forest park for analysis. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that when involving covariate variables, consistently in both parks, a greater trail usage is significantly related to trail shorter mean distance to park gate, trail width wider than 3 meters, higher global integration and higher control values. Collectively, these four trail spatial attributes explained 31.7 % (p < 0.001) and 27.3 % (p < 0.001) of the variances in trail use level in Gongqing forest park and Paotaiwan forest park. These findings provide direct implications to park designers and managers for providing visitors with different desirable social conditions, and ultimately improve users’ experiences and satisfactions.     

Google Earth和GPS在林业司法鉴定中的应用

涉林案件中,常见现场地表被剥离,而林业司法鉴定中需要确定被毁坏林地类型及面积.Google Earth影像往往是若干年前的卫星影像,保留着未破坏前的现场影像,故可利用手持GPS机定位现场边界,根据地理坐标准确定位出Goosle Earth影像,利用StitchMaps软件下栽保存,在GIS软件中,勾绘各地类边界、测算面...     

Distances Walked by Long Established and Newcomer Horses in an Open Stable System in Northern Germany

Group housing is claimed to possibly provide horses with a species-appropriate movement possibility, and hence, better welfare. Thus, this study analyzed the daily walked distances of 51 horses held in one group in a “HIT Active Stable” (Hinrichs Innovation + Technik) in Northern Germany by using global positioning system (GPS) technology during a 7 ½-month time span. The daily walking distances of the whole group, as well as newcomers, were investigated. The horses traveled an average of 8.43 km/day. Linear mixed models were applied. The observation day had a significant effect on the daily walking distances (P < .01) due to season and the available area per horse. The age as covariate also had a significant effect (P < .01). The breed had no significant effect (P = .96). No significant differences were found in sex (P = .69), which can be explained by the fact that only mares and geldings were investigated, which do not show increasing locomotion caused by sexual behavior as stallions do. On six of the first nine days, new horses moved significantly more compared to the remaining 24 of the 30 observation days directly after individuals’ inclusion. This is probably due to more exploration and rank-fighting behavior. Similar walking distances were seen among the horses on the single observation days because all horses had to travel the same distance to reach resources. Further, it is suspected that not all horses can sufficiently live out their urges to move, especially in winter, when pasture is inaccessible.     

基于GPS的汽车操纵稳定性试验

运用GPS实时差分定位技术原理,利用RTK五轮仪样机,测出汽车运动的轨迹和速度等运动性能参数;用运动学理论建立前轮上一点与车身质心之间的运动关系,推导了汽车的操纵稳态性评价指标;试验结果与用传统仪器LC-5100型光电五轮仪和QCW-2型汽车动态测试系统所得试验结果接近,表明该方案切实可行。     

Vehicle Monitoring Control and Scheduling Management System in a Scenic Area

In order to help tourists choose satisfying scenic spots, content hotels, convenient lines and convenient vehicles, vehicle monitoring control and scheduling management system in a scenic area is presented, which dispatches vehicle by appointments and the statistic of tourists at a sight spot and recommends the tour line by broadcasting in vehicle. Vehicle monitoring control and scheduling management system in a scenic area, a integrative vehicle management system, is an integration of GPS, GIS, trunked radio system, a management system of booking room and a tourist statistic system at a sight spot.     

智能变量施肥技术初步试验研究

结合承担的精确农业变量施肥技术研究项目，提出了智能变量施肥技术体系和实现方法。利用美国MAPINFO公司MapInfo Proression 6．0地理系信息系统，采用MapBasic语言编程，建立了施肥地理信息与决策系统；利用89C52单片机实现智能变量施肥机控制系统。试验表明。研制的智能变量施肥机能够实现精确农业信息控制自动变量施肥作业，为精确农业的进一步试验研究提供技术依据。     

基于OEM板的GPS接收机设计

利用单片机和OEM板二次设计了一种成本低又能满足性能使用要求的经济型GPS接收机。系统硬件是以Intel8051单片机为核心,采用Jupiter-TMGPS接收板二次开发、键盘、液晶显示器、RS-232电缆及其它外围器件开发设计的;应用汇编语言实现了GPS信号的提取、显示及基本的键盘控制操作等。经实验证明:该接收机单点无差分定位精度低,但比一般的手持机精度要高,需要进一步研究如何提高精度。     

基于GPS和GSM短消息的农田信息采集系统

分析了通过GSM SMS传递信息的优点，研究了如何应用Siemens M20 GSM模块和Rockwell的Jupiter GPS OEM板进行移动模块单元的软件和硬件设计。针对当前农田信息(土壤水分等)采集、记录、处理等技术比较落后以及浪费大量人力物力的状况，设计了农田信息采集系统。本系统利用当前技术比较成熟的GSM蜂窝数字移动通信系统和GPS全球定位系统对农田信息进行采集和传送。     

车辆导航定位系统GPS接收机的原理与研制

分析了OEM板和GPS技术原理，介绍了基于OEM板的GPS接收机开发方法，重点阐述了车辆导航定位系统GPS接收机的软、硬件体系结构及研制过程，详细说明了单片机C语言串行通讯原理与程序编制。     

车载式土壤光-电特性参数采集系统研究

土壤电导率是衡量土壤传导电流能力的一种固然属性,除了能够反映土壤质地外,还能够反映土壤的含水率、含盐量、有机物含量等特性。利用土壤光谱数据可以分析出土壤含水率、养分等,且测量过程中无需采样、搅动土壤。通过土壤电导率数据和光谱数据的综合、校正,能够提高系统的精度。基于嵌入式技术开发了土壤电导率和光谱反射率综合检测系统。土壤电导率测量系统采用基于改进的电流-电压四端法原理,使用深松犁的尖端作为电极传感器,能够在测量的同时完成松土的作用。光谱测量系统使用微型光谱传感器采集光谱数据,并进行实时处理。在采集土壤电导率、光谱数据的同时,系统同步采集GPS信息,并和土壤电导率、光谱数据一起保存,供进一步绘制土壤特性分布图使用。系统能够实时综合处理多种数据,并进行显示、保存等操作,具有良好的应用 前景。