Digesta viscosity, nutrient digestibility and organ weights in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed diets supplemented with different levels of a soluble non-starch polysaccharide

The objective of the present study was to investigate if dietary soluble non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) increase digesta viscosity, reduce nutrient digestibility and increase organ weights in African catfish. The fish (mean weight 80 g) were fed diets supplemented with the soluble NSP guar gum at three levels, 0 g kg^?1 (GG0), 40 g kg^?1 (GG4) and 80 g kg^?1 (GG8). Guar gum inclusion significantly increased digesta viscosity in the proximal (GG0: 1.7 centipoise or cP; GG4: 84.9 cP; GG8: 98.3 cP) and distal (GG0: 1.9 cP; GG4: 109.8 cP; GG8: 66.4 cP) intestine. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were significantly lower for the GG8 diet than the GG0 diet (dry matter: 52% versus 69%; protein: 77% versus 90%; ash: 41% versus 54%; energy: 60% versus 77%). The ADC of dry matter and energy were significantly lower for the GG4 diet than the GG0 diet. The relative growth rate of metabolic weight (14.5–15.4 g kg^?0.8 day^?1) and feed conversion ratio (0.8) did not differ between diets. Fish fed the GG8 diet had a significantly higher somatic stomach index than GG0 fish (0.71% versus 0.65% body weight). The intestinal somatic index tended to increase with increasing guar gum supplementation (GG0: 1.08%; GG4: 1.23%; GG8: 1.59%). In conclusion, high digesta viscosities in the guar gum fed fish may explain the observed reduced nutrient digestibilities and increases in digestive organ weights.     

Growth and physiological responses of growing pigs to wheat–corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Gaining a detailed knowledge on the impact of a feedstuff on pig growth and physiological responses is critical for its effective utilization. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of distillers dried grains with solubles derived from co‐fermentation of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) on performance, carcass and visceral organ weights, whole‐body O₂ consumption and heat production (HP) in growing barrows. The experimental diets were as follows: corn–soybean meal diet (Control), Control + 15% wcDDGS and Control + 30% wcDDGS. In Exp. 1, 48 pair‐housed pigs of average BW 18.6 ± 1.5 kg (mean ± SD) were allotted to the 3 diets (n = 8). Pigs had free access to water and feed for a 28‐day period during which ADG and ADFI were calculated weekly. Thereafter, 1 pig/pen was killed to measure carcass and visceral organ weights. Overall, wcDDGS linearly decreased (p < 0.05) ADFI and ADG but had no effect on G:F (p > 0.10). The ADFI was 1.55, 1.45 and 1.36 kg/day for diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wcDDGS respectively; corresponding values for ADG were 0.79, 0.75 and 0.67 kg/day respectively. A linear decline (p = 0.01) in eviscerated hot carcass weight was observed as dietary wcDDGS increased. In Exp. 2, 18 pigs of average BW 20.4 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± SD) were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the 3 diets (n = 6) at 550 kcal ME kg BW^?0.60day for a 16‐day period followed by measurement of O₂ consumption using an indirect calorimeter. Diet had no effect (p > 0.10) on whole‐body O₂ consumption and HP. In conclusion, increasing wcDDGS content in growing pig diets linearly reduced ADFI, ADG and eviscerated hot carcass weight but had no effect on G:F, visceral organ weights or HP.     

基于云模型的电子商务网站潜力评测模型

从投资者的角度对电子商务网站潜力进行评测需要准确、完整、自然的表达。作为一种普适的定性定量转换模型，云模型在评价领域已得到一定程度的应用。在网站潜力评测指标的评价和各指标权重的确定上均引入云模型，有效地减弱了该类研究中人为确定的主观性和理论计算的强硬区分，使结果更接近没有明确分界的自然语言评价。     

Improvement and Application on Back Propagation Network Based on Partial Least-squares Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel BP network model based on nonlinear iterative partial least-squares algorithm which can fit nonlinear data. The novel BP network model can reduce iterative step number and advance learning effieieney. This paper pretreats data by nonlinear iterative partial least-squares algorithms. The weights initialization of input floor and output floor are set by applying the loading weights of dependent variable and cause variable, the member of hidden nodes are set by applying factor numbers of nonlinear iterative partial leastsquares algorithm, the connection co- efficient is set by applying the connection matrix B. Performances of the BP, PLS, and PLS-BP are analyzed and compared. The results show that the PLS-BP has better fitting and forecasting than BP and PLS.     

Dry matter accumulation and partitioning in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.) as influenced by potassium fertilization

The effect of potassium (K) supply on dry matter accumulation and partitioning of biomass between different among parts of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was determined under irrigated conditions. The treatments were four cotton cultivars (CIM-448, CIM-1100, Karishma, and S-12), four K rates (0, 62.5, 125, and 250 kg K ha⁻¹), and two K-fertilizer sources (K₂SO₄, KCl). Sequential harvests were collected at four stages of growth, viz first flower, peak flowering, first boll split, and maturity. The dry weights (DW) of vegetative and reproductive organs were determined. Maximum total DW was obtained at 125 days after planting, and then it declined because of leaf senescence at maturity. Cultivars differed significantly among themselves in the production of total DW and its partitioning between different organs. The addition of K fertilizer increased DW substantially at various stages of growth. Potassium fertilizer stimulated cotton plant to translocate resources towards reproductive organs rather than vegetative organs. Crop receiving 250 kg K ha⁻¹ allocated 77% more dry matter into reproductive organs. The K-sources produced a little effect on the allocation of DW in various parts of the plant. Maximum reproductive–vegetative ratio (RVR) was maintained by cv CIM-448 and minimum in cv CIM-1100. Data showed that a shift in DW allocation into reproductive organs was dependent upon sustained supply of K⁺ throughout the season. There were positive significant correlations (0.86, 0.71, and 0.90) between seed cotton yield and total DW, vegetative DW, and reproductive DW, respectively.     

抛石压重对土石坝抗滑稳定静力影响研究与分析

坝前抛石压重加固病险水库已是一种经济,有效的加固措施,但规范和设计手册均无规定压重长度和高度的尺寸取值,其对大坝稳定影响效果不明确。针对这一问题,结合杨庄水库工程采用简化毕肖普法探讨了不同压重长度及高度,在正常运行稳定渗流的情况下对土石坝抗滑稳定的影响,得出压重长度应为0.45～0.55倍坝高,高度应至少在0.19倍坝高以上,越高则安全系数越大,但不宜超过0.3倍坝高。     

Economic Valuation of Varieties and Breeding Objectives

Breeding planning and variety valuation can be supported only if weighting factors for the economically relevant performance traits are available. In plant breeding they are necessary for the calculation of selection indices as well as for the comparison of varieties and for quantifying the monetary impact of breeding progress. In this article the economic weights for the most important performance traits of sugar beet are calculated from the farmer's, the sugar factory's, and the national economy's point of view. Based upon economic weights for beet yield, sugar content, potassium, sodium, and ammo nitrogen content, a total of 19 varieties was compared with regard to physical and economic performance. The investigation shows that “best” and “worst” varieties differ in gross margin per ha by 270.— to 330.— DM. Indications were given for possibilities and limitations of the application of economic weights in breeding planning.     

基于组合赋权的改进尼梅罗指数法在地下水水质评价中的应用

针对传统尼梅罗指数法中单项组分评分值Fi不连续,以及过分突出各单项组分最大评分值Fmax的问题,以熵权法和二项系数法组合赋权的方式对尼梅罗指数法进行改进,并以彭州川西气田部分水质检测结果为基础进行水质评价。评价结果表明,改进的尼梅罗指数法解决了传统方法中Fi值不连续和过分突出Fmax的问题,评价结果符合实际且在5个水质级别中的分布更加连续、均匀。     

贺兰山西坡鼠种内脏重量与海拔梯度关系研究

采用铗日法对贺兰山西坡鼠类的内脏重量与海拔梯度关系情况进行了细致研究。选取8条典型沟道为样线,共布设有效铗日18 748个,捕获鼠类235只。阿拉善黄鼠和大林姬鼠在所有海拔梯度均有分布,其次是社鼠、灰仓鼠和短尾仓鼠,海拔分布范围最小的是高山鼠兔和东方田鼠。阿拉善黄鼠的肺脏和肾脏重量高海拔重量远高于低海拔重量,显示出了其对外界环境的超强适应能力。     

土培条件下外源硒对黄芪吸收和转运硒的影响

以黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和2种价态的硒为主要研究对象,采用土壤盆栽试验方法探讨了添加不同浓度(0,2,4,6,8mg/kg土)硒酸钠(SeVI)和亚硒酸钠(SeIV)对黄芪地上部和根系硒累积与分配的影响。结果表明:土壤中添加硒浓度为2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠有利于黄芪地上部和根部干物质的累积,比CK增加34.55%~38.24%,但是添加硒浓度超过2mg/kg的硒酸钠抑制了黄芪植株的生长;添加不同浓度的2种形态硒均可显著提高黄芪地上部和根部硒浓度,且土壤中添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠的硒浓度分别与黄芪植株硒含量呈极显著正相关关系(SeVI:r=0.884**,SeIV:r=0.973**);随着硒处理浓度的升高,添加硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠处理的黄芪根系对硒吸收能力高于对照,转移系数和富集系数均大于1,且硒含量地上部根部,这表明土壤中添加外源硒可以提高黄芪对硒的吸收和转运能力。综上所述,在中性偏碱性土壤上施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均可促进黄芪对外源硒的吸收、转运和累积,且土壤施用2~6mg/kg的亚硒酸钠对黄芪的生长和硒的累积效果更好。