优质油菜施硫效应研究

试验表明,在土壤偏碱性,有效58.75mg/kg条件下,玉米作物施硫具有显著的增产、增值效果。施硫对提高单位面积有效穗数、平均穗籽粒数、千粒质量、叶色深度具有显著的影响,对生育时段影响较小,增产、增值效应随用量不同而异,增产9.33～26.83kg/667m~2,平均产量19.29kg/667m~2,增产率5.76%～16.59%,投产比10.17～4.32,合理用量为纯硫。2.00～4.00kg/667m~2,做底肥施用。     

厌氧生物水处理技术研究进展

在原有脱碳技术基础上,废水厌氧处理在其他领域的研究与应用被不断拓展.本文介绍了近年来厌氧生物处理技术的新发展,从理论和工艺两个方面,综述了厌氧生物脱硫、生物制氢、厌氧氨氧化、厌氧反硝化的原理、研究、技术开发与应用.     

Effects of silver nanoparticle size, concentration and coating on soil quality as indicated by arylsulfatase and sulfite oxidase activities

Recently, the nanotechnology industry has seen a growing interest in integrating silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) into agricultural products, which increases soil exposure to these particles. This demands an investigation into the effect of AgNPs on soil health. Changes in soil enzyme activities upon exposure to AgNPs can serve as early indicators of any adverse effects that these particles may have on soil quality. This study aimed to determine the effects of AgNP size, concentration, coating, and e...     

不同氮硫浓度及氮硫比对硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响

在硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化（Sulfate-Reducing Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,SRAO）脱氮工艺的基础上,探究了SO42-浓度在100 mg/L的条件下,控制NH4+的投加量在不同N/S（NH4+-N/SO42-）浓度比下ASBR（Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor）反应器的运行效果及其脱氮性能。N/S从1.0增大到3.0时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率从78.5%增加到94.4%,但体系内SAD（Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification）菌的丰度及活性未受到明显抑制,SRAO作用和ANAMMOX（Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation）作用始终是ASBR脱氮的主要途径。当N/S的浓度比由3增至4时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率由94.4%下降为69.2%。这表明随着N/S的增大,体系内ANAMMOX菌和SRAO菌活性的降低,抑制了体系脱氮性能。这时SAD菌的丰度及活性略有增加。硫的去除率随N/S比的变化趋势和总氮的去除规律类似,在N/S=3时达到最大74.2%。结合高通量测序结果,说明不同N/S下的脱氮微生物优势菌群会不断变化,改变体系脱氮除硫性能。     

长期施肥棕壤有机硫矿化特征及其驱动力

  【目的】  探究长期不同施肥对土壤有机硫矿化量、动力学特征和酶活性的影响,揭示玉米–大豆轮作体系中棕壤有机硫矿化特征及其主要驱动因子。  【方法】  沈阳农业大学长期定位试验于1979年建立,为玉米–玉米–大豆 (一年一熟) 轮作模式。试验设置15个处理,本研究选取了其中7个处理,分别为:CK (不施肥)、N₁ (低量化学氮肥)、N₂ (高量化学氮肥)、N₁P (低量化学氮肥+磷肥)、N₁PK (低量化学氮肥+磷钾肥)、M₁ (低量有机肥) 和M₁N₁PK (低量有机肥配施化学氮磷钾肥)。不同作物有机肥投入量相同,氮磷钾化肥投入量不同。选取2014和2015年的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,测定土壤基本理化指标 (pH、有机碳和全氮含量)、有机硫矿化量、土壤中性蛋白酶及土壤芳基硫酸酯酶活性。同时,进行矿化培养试验,分析不同温度下有机硫矿化特征。于玉米、大豆收获后测定产量。  【结果】  长期施肥处理均提高了土壤有机硫的矿化量,7个处理总体表现为M₁N₁PK > M₁ > N₁PK、N₁、N₂ > N₁P > CK。单施化肥条件下,增加氮肥用量对有机硫矿化作用无显著影响;单施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施均可明显促进土壤有机硫矿化。与CK相比,M₁N₁PK处理有机硫矿化量提升幅度最大,提高了57.30%。利用一级动力学方程进行拟合,长期施肥均提高了有机硫矿化势,无机肥处理 (N₁、N₂、N₁P和N₁PK) 的提升幅度均较低,提升效果最优的是M₁处理,比CK提高了45.27%。环境温度和作物种类均显著影响有机硫矿化量和矿化势,随着环境温度的升高,有机硫的矿化量和矿化势均明显增加;玉米种植季有机硫矿化量和矿化势均高于大豆种植季。土壤中性蛋白酶活性和芳基硫酸酯酶活性均以M₁N₁PK处理最高,与单施化肥相比分别提高了96%～220%、264%～986%。有机硫累积总矿化量在种植玉米的年份与土壤有机碳 (r = 0.7693) 含量和全氮 (r = 0.7554) 含量呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05)。  【结论】  土壤的有机碳和全氮含量是棕壤有机硫矿化的主要驱动力。只施用无机肥对土壤有机硫的矿化没有显著影响,而有机无机肥配合施用可显著提高土壤芳基硫酸酯酶、中性蛋白酶活性,进而提高有机硫矿化势和矿化量。玉米因其较高的生物量也成为有机硫矿化的主要驱动力。     

供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

EFFICACY OF GYPSUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE AS SOURCES OF SULFUR TO RAPESEED IN LATERITIC SOILS

A field experiment conducted on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.) during 2005–2006 in a typical lateritic soil (Alfisol) of West Bengal, India revealed that sources of sulfur viz. gypsum and magnesium sulfate and levels of sulfur (0, 20, 40, 60 kg S ha^?1) have significant influence on grain yield, total biological yield, sulfur concentration in grain and stover, total sulfur uptake, oil content and oil yield and chlorophyll content. The maximum grain yield (18.28 q ha^?1) and oil yield (8.59 q ha^?1) was obtained with magnesium sulfate followed by gypsum yielded the grain yield of 17.99 q ha^?1 and oil yield of 8.22 q ha^?1 at 40 kg S ha^?1. Overall, the best performance was recorded when sulfur was applied at 40 kg S ha^?1 either as magnesium sulfate or gypsum. Results revealed that magnesium sulfate may be considered as the better source of sulfur than gypsum to raise the mustard crop in sulfur deficient acidic red and lateritic soils of West Bengal and if farmers apply either magnesium sulfate or gypsum to soils, the possible deficiency of sulfur and magnesium/calcium in soils and plants can be avoided.     

IMPACT OF SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON DIFFERENT FORMS AND BALANCE OF SOIL SULFUR AND THE NUTRITION OF WHEAT IN WHEAT-SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCE IN TARAI SOIL

A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha^?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.     

湿米粉中吊白块含量的测定

利用甲醛与乙酰丙酮及铵离子反应,将生成的黄色物质与标准系列比较,定量测定甲醛含量,并用碘标准溶液滴定二氧化硫含量,从而对湿米粉中吊白块含量进行检测,效果良好。