Re-defining tillage erosion: quantifying intensity–direction relationships for complex terrain

Abstract. Current tillage erosion models account for the influence of tillage direction in the magnitude of the soil (tillage) transport coefficient. It is argued here that this is counter-intuitive and causes significant problems in modelling tillage erosion in areas of complex terrain. This article examines whether a re-modelling of tillage erosion is possible that separates tillage direction (an interaction with the landform) from the soil transport coefficient (a measure of tillage intensity representing the combination of implement erosivity and soil erodibility). Experimental data for mouldboard ploughing upslope, downslope and cross-slope at Coombe Barton Farm, Devon are examined. Integration of data for all directions into a single relationship, which relates translocation in the direction of tillage to slope in the direction of tillage and translocation perpendicular to tillage to slope perpendicular to tillage, is not possible using previously published methods of analysis. However, when total translocation distance is regressed against the tangent of the slope at 45° to the tillage direction (bisecting the tillage direction and the direction of overturning) it is found that a single relationship can be used to describe tillage in all three directions. Therefore, this relationship is used to determine a single value of the soil transport coefficient ( k _fTa) for constant soil and implement conditions but different tillage directions. This redefinition of tillage is important both for true estimation of tillage erosion severity, the adirectional coefficient being 40% larger than the directional coefficient, and for modelling of tillage erosion in complex terrain. These improvements are vital when tillage erosion simulation is used to direct soil conservation strategies.     

砒砂岩区水力侵蚀下坡面微地貌变化特征及过程研究

解决砒砂岩区坡面的产流产沙问题对黄河流域生态安全具有重要意义,选取砒砂岩裸露坡面为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下采用野外径流小区实测结合三维激光扫描技术,分析13次有效降雨过程砒砂岩坡面微地貌的变化过程及产流产沙特征.结果表明,径流小区内坡面土壤平均侵蚀深度为26 mm,侵蚀区占径流小区总面积的95.27％,单位面积上侵蚀...     

Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Mapping Using a Spatial Correlation Model Incorporating Terrain Slope Gradient

Variable-rate fertilizer application requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil nutrients within fields. Grid soil sampling might be used for acquiring this information, but is often too expensive for resolving spatial patterns in soil nutrients at the scale of precision fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to determine whether grid sampling efficiency can be improved using cokriging estimates with slope gradient as a secondary variable, which is easily obtained from high-resolution digital elevation models. Soils in two northern Montana wheat fields were sampled at the nodes of a 100-m diagonal grid. Soil test phosphorus and potassium maps were constructed with kriging and cokriging. Co-kriging uses the spatial correlation between two variables to predict for the less intensively sampled variable of interest, often with less estimation error than a univariate method such as kriging. The average estimation variance for cokriging compared to kriging was reduced for all values of the correlation considered. The additional complexity of cokriging might be justified provided a secondary variable exists that is spatially cross correlated with the primary variable of interest.     

Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

黄土高原小流域土壤有机碳空间变异性研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg^-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.     

Are gullies best for biodiversity? An empirical examination of Australian wet forest types

A relatively common observation in forest environments has been that gullies support higher species richness and individual abundance than elsewhere in the landscape. We completed a detailed case study of birds to contrast species richness and assemblage composition between gullies and other parts of the topography of landscapes in three closely related and spatially adjacent wet ash forest types – those dominated by Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans), Alpine Ash (E. delegatensis) or Shining Gum (E. nitens) – in the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. We also quantified the influence of a wide range of other measures of stand structure and plant species composition on the bird assemblage and on individual bird species.     

乌海市平沟煤矸石山小地形土壤养分分析

文章以乌海市平沟煤矸石山上平台和边坡两种不同小地形上的土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析化验,研究煤矸石山两种小地形对土壤养分的恢复情况。结果表明,土壤有机质、全N、碱解N含量在两种不同小地形上表现为边坡>平台,土壤P素、K素含量表现为平台>边坡,总体而言,边坡上土壤养分恢复效果比平台好。平台和边坡上土壤养分含量在不同土层深度中均表现为:0~20 cm层>20~40 cm层。通过参考土壤养分分级与丰缺度标准,目前土壤养分丰缺度主要呈现出缺或极缺状态。     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染过程及接菌方法对其致病力的影响

采用扫描电镜观察玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)分生孢子在小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫体表的萌发和侵染过程及玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉、孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力.结果表明:小菜蛾幼虫体表嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子较多, 刺状突起结构区附着的孢子较少;刺状突起结构区附着的孢子萌发较早, 多数孢子在接菌后16 h开始萌发, 而嵴状突起结构区附着的孢子多数在20 h开始萌发, 在平缓结构区孢子萌发最迟.在嵴状突起结构区和刺状突起结构区, 多数孢子萌发后产生芽管, 直接以芽管侵入幼虫体壁, 少数形成附着胞侵染寄主.此外玫烟色拟青霉3种不同接菌方法对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率和致病力大小明显不同, 其中孢子培养液比孢子悬浮液和孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的侵染速率快, 接菌44 h虫体表现出明显的感病症状, 致死中时为3.18 d;孢子悬浮液和孢子粉处理的小菜蛾幼虫, 60 h虫体出现感病症状, 致死中时分别为4.20 d和4.34 d;而且致病力大小也存在明显差异, 接孢子粉的处理明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液, 小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率达76.2%, 而其他两种处理小菜蛾幼虫6 d的死亡率仅为59.8%和58.5%.本研究结果表明, 小菜蛾幼虫的体表结构影响玫烟色拟青霉孢子在寄主体表的附着、萌发和侵入, 玫烟色拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾幼虫的致病力最强, 明显高于孢子悬浮液和孢子培养液.     

基于GIS技术的小型水库规划方法

在小流域治理中，为了提高水库规划的精确度和速度，提出了基于GIS技术来实现小型水库规划的方法。主要是基于GIS技术的库客曲线的制作方法；小型水库规划的可视化。在GIS中，真实地形在计算机中的表达用数字高程模型(DEM)表示，水库规划的三维可视化环境的实现需利用0penGL技术。     

基于地形校正的植被净初级生产力遥感模拟及分析

植被净初级生产力（NPP）模拟研究对碳平衡监测及深入理解碳循环具有重要意义。高空间分辨率、短重访周期的遥感数据和地形校正成为精准模拟山区植被NPP研究的必然选择。在利用DEM数据对太阳总辐射和气温进行地形校正的基础上,估算了研究区植被吸收光合有效辐射因子、温度胁迫因子、水分胁迫因子和典型植被类型的最大光能利用率,构建了改进的CASABTC估算模型,利用HJ-1CCD数据模拟了2009年大别山区植被的NPP,并探讨了其时空变化特征。结果表明：1）由该文模拟值与MOD17A3的精度验证结果分析,基于地形校正的CASABTC模型和HJ-1数据适合精确模拟山区植被的NPP;研究区NPP在冬季比在春、秋、夏季受地形起伏的影响大。2）该文模拟的年NPP平均值为413.7 g/(m2·a)比MOD17A3平均值偏小4.9%,在空间分布上前者更加详细,地表特征更明显。3）研究区2009年NPP模拟值范围为0～1143.6 g/(m2·a),研究区总面积66.1％的NPP值在200～600 g/(m2·a)之间;年总NPP为9.891×106t,约占全国年总NPP的3.2‰,整体上呈现高、低值区交错分布的不规则特点。4）月NPP值随季节而变化,所有植被类型的NPP季节变化曲线都呈典型的单峰分布,且不同植被类型NPP的季节变化幅度有差别。月NPP值的季节变化与气温、太阳总辐射及NDVI的季节变化基本吻合,而降水量年内分配不均与NPP无相关性特点。5）各植被类型的月NPP和总NPP随海拔高度上升而逐渐变大,对于后者当海拔高度上升至1100 m时达到最大值,继续上升,其保持在600 g/m2左右不变。该研究可为后续基于HJ-1数据的山区植被NPP模拟提供参考。