Pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and its metabolite articainic acid after subcutaneous administration in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

AIM: To develop and validate a simple and sensitive method using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for quantification of articaine, and its major metabolite articainic acid, in plasma of red deer (Cervus elaphus), and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid in red deer following S/C administration of articaine hydrochloride as a complete ring block around the antler pedicle.

METHODS: The LC-MS method was validated by determining linearity, sensitivity, recovery, carry-over and repeatability. Articaine hydrochloride (40?mg/mL) was administered S/C to six healthy male red deer, at a dose of 1?mL/cm of pedicle circumference, as a complete ring block around the base of each antler. Blood samples were collected at various times over the following 12 hours. Concentrations in plasma of articaine and articainic acid were quantified using the validated LC-MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of articaine and articainic acid were estimated using non-compartmental analysis.

RESULTS: Calibration curves were linear for both articaine and articainic acid. The limits of quantifications for articaine and articainic acid were 5 and 10?ng/mL, respectively. Extraction recoveries were >72% for articaine and >68% for articainic acid. After S/C administration as a ring block around the base of each antler, mean maximum concentrations in plasma (C_max) of articaine were 1,013.9 (SD 510.1) ng/mL, detected at 0.17 (SD 0.00) hours, and the C_max for articainic acid was 762.6 (SD 95.4) ng/mL at 0.50 (SD 0.00) hours. The elimination half-lives of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid were 1.12 (SD 0.17) and 0.90 (SD 0.07) hours, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The LC-MS method used for the quantification of articaine and its metabolite articainic acid in the plasma of red deer was simple, accurate and sensitive. Articaine hydrochloride was rapidly absorbed, hydrolysed to its inactive metabolite articainic acid, and eliminated following S/C administration as a ring block in red deer. These favourable pharmacokinetic properties suggest that articaine hydrochloride should be tested for efficacy as a local anaesthetic in red deer for removal of velvet antlers. Further studies to evaluate the safety and residues of articaine hydrochloride and articainic acid are required before articaine can be recommended for use as a local anaesthetic for this purpose.     

几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质

为研究几种经济红藻中茉莉酸合成途径的关键物质,实验采用液相色谱—质谱联用技术(LC-MS)对茉莉酸生物合成途径相关物质建立检测方法,并对龙须菜、坛紫菜受到机械损伤时各物质的变化情况进行检测。以100%甲醇提取茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、12-氧-植物二烯酸(12-OPDA)和13-氢过氧化亚麻酸(13-HpOTE),利用XBridge TM C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水为流动相分离4种物质。优化条件下4种物质得到良好分离,加标回收率为81.23%～90.25%,检测限为0.04～0.56 ng/mL,灵敏度高。坛紫菜、龙须菜和真江蓠3种红藻中,坛紫菜中未检测到JA和13-HpOTE,4种物质均在另外2种藻中检测到。龙须菜受机械损伤胁迫后,4种物质在短时间内得到积累,其中13-HpOTE响应迅速。研究表明,红藻中可能存在类似于植物的茉莉酸合成途径,并参与对损伤的胁迫响应。     

深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

桃红叶植原体检测及鉴定

对表现红叶的桃植株进行植原体16SrRNA基因PCR扩增,得到1.2kb的特异片段.将此片段与pGEM T Easy载体连接并转化到大肠杆茵DH5α感受态细胞中.通过酶切、PCR鉴定,对筛选得到的重组阳性克隆进行序列测定及同源性比较分析,确定该株系属于翠菊黄化植原体组(Aster yellows group,16SrI).在国内首次报道了翠菊黄化组中的植原体侵染桃树.     

基于红光波段冠层SIF降尺度的小麦条锈病遥感监测

为减弱冠层几何结构等因素对传感器探测到的冠层日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,SIF）的影响,探讨了条锈病胁迫下红光波段荧光（Red SIF,RSIF）的响应特性,并以RSIF为自变量构建了小麦条锈病遥感监测的线性回归（Simple linear regression,SLR）及非线性回归（Non-linear regression,NLR）模型。结果表明：叶片尺度RSIF在小麦条锈病遥感监测中具有较大优势,其与小麦条锈病病情严重度（Severity level,SL）间相关系数较远红光波段SIF（Far-red SIF,FRSIF）提高132%,以叶片尺度RSIF为自变量构建的SLR及NLR模型预测DSL与实测DSL之间R2较FRSIF分别增加9.8%、38.9%,RMSE分别降低23.1%、36.4%。此外,降尺度处理能够提高RSIF监测小麦条锈病的精度,叶片尺度RSIF与DSL之间R2较冠层尺度增加126.3%,以叶片尺度RSIF为自变量构建的SLR和NLR模型预测DSL与实测DSL间R2较冠层尺度分别提高114.3%和233.3%,RMSE分别降低16.7%、15.4%。本文提出方法可提高小麦条锈病遥感监测精度,同时对其它胁迫的遥感监测具有一定的参考价值。     

磷活化剂对红壤吸磷特性的影响

为了解磷活化剂对红壤吸附外源磷的影响,探讨沸石、腐殖酸、柠檬酸、草酸铵对红壤吸磷特性的影响。结果表明：腐殖酸、柠檬酸、草酸铵可有效降低红壤对磷的吸附能力,加腐殖酸使红壤的吸附量降低了902%~11.75%,加柠檬酸使红壤的吸附量降低了1742%~21.74%,加草酸铵使红壤的吸附量降低了987%~3610%。沸石增强了红壤对磷的吸附能力,吸附量增加了11.04%~1754%,吸附率提高了954%~1708%。     

中宁县影响红枣产量的主要农业气象灾害分析

通过对试验基地中宁1981—2008年气象资料和红枣产量资料的分析,结合历年主要农业气象灾害记录,得出了5类影响红枣产量的主要农业气象灾害,分别是萌芽展叶期高温(B₁)、盛花期空气的高温低湿B₂)、盛花期连阴雨(B₃)、果实生长期连阴雨(B₄)、果实成熟期连阴雨(B₅);采用层次分析法对上述气象灾害进行量化分析,得到其对红枣生产的影响权重顺序：B₅>B₄>B₂>B₃>B₁;将趋势产量 进行灾害订正,预测红枣各生育期的实际产量,并建立了基于农业气象灾害的中宁红枣的动 态产量预报模型,可为实际预报业务提供参考依据。     

铝胁迫对酸性红壤中真菌种群多样性的影响

通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)技术构建了红壤真菌的内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)rDNAs文库,比较分析了红壤地区典型森林土和农田土真菌群落结构对铝胁迫的响应,构建了6个土壤样品的真菌ITS rDNAs文库。从这6个克隆文库中随机挑取克隆进行了PCR-RFLP指纹图谱分析,共获得77个独特的真菌操作分类单元(OperationalTaxanomicalUints,OTUs)。对77个OTUs的代表性克隆测序并利用Blast工具进行分析(相似性95%~100%)。研究结果表明森林土壤和农田土壤样品中真菌类群79.2%(61)属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),20.8%(16)属于未分类的簇(Unclassifiedfungi),其中担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中具有明显优势。物种多样性指数(Simpson、Shannon和Chao1)分析表明,铝胁迫降低了土壤真菌种群的多样性,农田土壤中真菌的种群多样性明显高于森林土壤。而且随着铝胁迫浓度的增加,担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中丰度明显下降,子囊菌门真菌的丰度显著上升,在高铝处理浓度处理的土壤中演变为优势种群。