Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Marine-Derived Alkaloids via Enzymatic Reactions

Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of marine-derived natural products. Most marine-derived alkaloids are biologically active and show promising applications in modern (agro)chemical, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Different approaches have been established to access these marine-derived alkaloids. Among these employed methods, biotechnological approaches, namely, (chemo)enzymatic synthesis, have significant potential for playing a central role in alkaloid production on an industrial scale. In this review, we discuss research progress on marine-derived alkaloid synthesis via enzymatic reactions and note the advantages and disadvantages of their applications for industrial production, as well as green chemistry for marine natural product research.     

番茄植株中生物碱类对菜青虫(Pieris rapae L.)活性组分的分离和提纯

为寻找和开发不污染环境、不伤害天敌而对菜青虫有活性的行为物质,本研究对番茄植株中的生物碱类进行提取、分离和部分纯化,得到了极性和非极性生物碱类以及番茄苷(tomatine)纯品,与标样对照薄层试验吻合。将提取物对5龄菜青虫进行试验表明:生物碱类及其中的番茄苷对菜青虫有明显拒食作用;番茄苷对菜青虫有抑制生长发育的作用。     

Novel Alkaloids from Marine Actinobacteria: Discovery and Characterization

The marine environment is an excellent resource for natural products with therapeutic potential. Its microbial inhabitants, often associated with other marine organisms, are specialized in the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. Similar to their terrestrial counterparts, marine Actinobacteria are a prevalent source of these natural products. Here, we discuss 77 newly discovered alkaloids produced by such marine Actinobacteria between 2017 and mid-2021, as well as the strategies employed in their elucidation. While 12 different classes of alkaloids were unraveled, indoles, diketopiperazines, glutarimides, indolizidines, and pyrroles were most dominant. Discoveries were mainly based on experimental approaches where microbial extracts were analyzed in relation to novel compounds. Although such experimental procedures have proven useful in the past, the methodologies need adaptations to limit the chance of compound rediscovery. On the other hand, genome mining provides a different angle for natural product discovery. While the technology is still relatively young compared to experimental screening, significant improvement has been made in recent years. Together with synthetic biology tools, both genome mining and extract screening provide excellent opportunities for continued drug discovery from marine Actinobacteria.     

Floral induction (FI) in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees. III: Effect of shading the trees on potassium chlorate induced FI and resulting hormonal changes in leaves and shoots

Previous experiments demonstrated that treatment of longan trees with potassium chlorate (KClO₃) induces “off season floral induction” (FI) even in the absence of the naturally required cool temperature [Manochai, P., Sruamsiri, P., Wiriya-alongkorn, W., Naphrom, D., Hegele, M., Bangerth, F., 2005. Year around off season flower induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees by KClO₃ applications: potentials and problems. Sci. Hortic. 104, 379–390]. Potassium chlorate, however, cannot replace the presence of functional mature leaves and sufficient light intensity. Here we examined in more detail the effect of shade (about 10% of natural sunlight) on KClO₃ affected hormone concentrations/transport of leaves and shoot apical buds (SAB) and their interactions with FI.     

黄花变异黄芪化学成分预试及生物碱成分初步分析

对黄花变异黄芪的化学成分进行了系统预试,对其总生物碱进行了提取和分段萃取,并用TLC法对分段萃取物进行了检查。结果表明,黄花变异黄芪含有糖、有机酸、酚类、鞣质、氨基酸、蛋白质、甙类或多糖、皂甙、生物碱、黄酮、蒽醌、香豆素、萜类、内脂、甾体等成分,不含挥发油、油脂、氰甙和脂肪族硝基化合物;黄花变异黄芪的生物碱主要以强极性生物碱为主,约占总生物碱的97.25%;对三段萃取物的TLC检查发现,黄花变异黄芪中含有苦马豆素,且主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取部分和正丁醇萃取部分。     

内源IAA对杂交稻强、弱势粒灌浆增重的影响

以超级杂交稻协优9308和杂交稻协优9312、Ⅱ优162及其相应恢复系为材料,对灌浆初期籽粒中内源IAA、糖分的变化,以及IAA抑制剂对IAA以及3H 标记葡萄糖吸收分配和籽粒灌浆的影响进行了研究。结果表明在籽粒灌浆初期强势粒的IAA含量以及增重的速度始终高于弱势粒。在开花受精7 d以前,强势粒中果糖、葡萄糖及蔗糖的含量高于弱势粒,之后相反。强、弱势粒间存在的这种灌浆势差异,杂交组合大于其相应的恢复系。IAA合成及运输抑制剂明显降低3H 葡萄糖在籽粒中的分配。外源IAA对幼穗的处理,缩小了强、弱势粒间结实率的差异,使整穗的结实率也有所提高。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对UV-B胁迫下颠茄生物碱积累及TAs代谢途径调控的机制探究

In order to preliminarily explore the mechanism of TAs metabolic pathway in A. belladonna treated with exogenous methyl jasmone under UV-B stress, the effects on the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, the upstream products in alkaloid synthesis, signal molecule and the expression level of key enzyme genes of secondary metabolism were studied under different concentrations of exogenous MeJA and different treatment time under using A. belladonna as materials. UV-B stress treatment significantly reduced the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine, inhibited the accumulation of precursors in the TAs synthesis pathway, which harmful to TAs synthesis. The content of TAs in A. belladonna increased to some extent, the contents of precursor amino acids (ornithine, arginine), polyamine content and key enzymes activities in the synthesis of putrescine in the secondary metabolic pathway all increased to some extent after treatment with the appropriate concentration of MeJA. The concentrations of signal molecule NO firstly increased and then decreased with the rising MeJA concentration, and reached the highest when MeJA concentration was 250 μmol L ^-1. The expression of key enzyme genes in TAs synthesis pathway showed that exogenous MeJA could increase the relative gene expression levels of TR I, PPAR, H6H to some extent. Those indicated that exogenous MeJA could induce the increase in the contents of upstream products in TAs synthesis by stimulating the burst of NO resulted in more precursor materials for the TAs synthesis pathway and affect the high expression of TR I, PPAR and H6H. It alleviated the inhibiton of UV-B stress on TAs of A. belladonna and increased the contents of hyoscyamine and scopolamine effectively. The results provided a theoretical basis for further studying the mechanism of exogenous elicitors to regulate the TAs secondary metabolic pathway of A. belladonn under stress, and effectively improved the stress resistance of A. belladonn and the accumulation of medicinal ingredients in actual production.