菌根真菌液泡的分离及特性研究

从菌根真菌黑核菌（ＣｅｎｏｃｏｃｃｕｍｇｅｏｐｈｉｌｕｍＦｒ．）和鹅膏菌［Ａｍａｎｉｔａｍｕｓｃａｒｉａ（Ｌ．ｅｘＦｒ．）Ｐｅｒｓ．ｅｘＨｏｏｋ．］菌丝中，采用多元碱化合物诱导原生质体裂解方法，分离出细胞器──液泡。实验结果表明，在加磷的ＭＭＮＣ培养基中培养４—７天的菌丝经水解酶作用所释放出的原生质体具有较高的液泡化程度；液泡产率约为原生质体的５－１０％；细胞质特征酶葡萄糖－６－磷酸－脱氢酶活性测定结果证明了液泡的纯度；而等量原生质体和液泡中酸性磷酸酶及α－甘露糖苷酶活性的比较表明这两种酶主要存在于液泡中，因此，它们可以作为菌根真菌黑核菌和鹅膏菌液泡的特征酶。     

梨菇的化学成分分析

对江西赣南北部林区的野生裂菇进行了化学成分分析，结果表明，它含金属元素15种、粗蛋白含量达27．52％、氨基酸含量达23．98％，是一种很优秀的野生食用菌。     

The Inhibitors of CDK4/6 from a Library of Marine Compound Database: A Pharmacophore,ADMET, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study

Background: CDK4/6 (Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6) are the key promoters of cell cycle transition from G1 phase to S phase. Thus, selective inhibition of CDK4/6 is a promising cancer treatment. Methods: A total of 52,765 marine natural products were screened for CDK4/6. To screen out better natural compounds, pharmacophore models were first generated, then the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) were tested, followed by molecular docking. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to verify the binding characteristics of the selected compounds. Results: Eighty-seven marine small molecules were screened based on the pharmacophore model. Then, compounds 41369 and 50843 were selected according to the ADMET and molecular docking score for further kinetic simulation evaluation. Finally, through molecular dynamics analysis, it was confirmed that compound 50843 maintained a stable conformation with the target protein, so it has the opportunity to become an inhibitor of CDK4/6. Conclusion: Through structure-based pharmacophore modeling, ADMET, the molecular docking method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, marine natural compound 50843 was proposed as a promising marine inhibitor of CDK4/6.     

Metabolic Profiling and In Vitro Assessment of the Biological Activities of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Penicillium chrysogenum “Endozoic of Cliona sp. Marine Sponge” from the Red Sea (Egypt)

Marine sponge-derived endozoic fungi have been gaining increasing importance as promising sources of numerous and unique bioactive compounds. This study investigates the phytochemical profile and biological activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum derived from Cliona sp. sponge. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively identified from P. chrysogenum ethyl acetate extract along with the kojic acid (KA) isolation. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS positive ionization mode was used to analyze and identify the extract constituents while 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used for kojic acid (KA) structure confirmation. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were assessed in vitro. Both the extract and kojic acid showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC 250 ± 0.82 µg/mL. Interestingly, the extract showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 93.75 ± 0.55 and 19.53 ± 0.48 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, KA showed the same potency against Fusarium oxysporum and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 39.06 ± 0.85 and 39.06 ± 0.98 µg/mL, respectively. Ultimately, KA showed strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 33.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract and KA showed strong cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma (with IC₅₀ 22.6 ± 0.8 and 23.4 ± 1.4 µg/mL, respectively) and human larynx carcinoma (with equal IC₅₀ 30.8 ± 1.3 and ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively), respectively. The current study represents the first insights into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of P. chrysoenum ethyl acetate extract, which could be a promising source of valuable secondary metabolites with potent biological potentials.     

Approaches to Configuration Determinations of Flexible Marine Natural Products: Advances and Prospects

Flexible marine natural products (MNPs), such as eribulin and bryostatin, play an important role in the development of modern marine drugs. However, due to the multiple chiral centers and geometrical uncertainty of flexible systems, configuration determinations of flexible MNPs face great challenges, which, in turn, have led to obstacles in druggability research. To resolve this issue, the comprehensive use of multiple methods is necessary. Additionally, configuration assignment methods, such as X-ray single-crystal diffraction (crystalline derivatives, crystallization chaperones, and crystalline sponges), NMR-based methods (JBCA and Mosher’s method), circular dichroism-based methods (ECCD and ICD), quantum computational chemistry-based methods (NMR calculations, ECD calculations, and VCD calculations), and chemical transformation-based methods should be summarized. This paper reviews the basic principles, characteristics, and applicability of the methods mentioned above as well as application examples to broaden the research and applications of these methods and to provide a reference for the configuration determinations of flexible MNPs.     

AM真菌对NaCl胁迫下滨梅（Prunus maritima）苗生长和营养元素吸收的影响

在温室条件下分别接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、透光球囊霉G.diaphanum和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum,来观察盐胁迫下滨梅的生长反应。结果表明接种了AM真菌的滨梅与对照相比显著增加了滨梅幼苗的生长。接种了摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum的滨梅幼苗所含的干物质总量分别高出对照47%和43%,总叶面积分别高出对照36%和35%。NaCl胁迫下接种AM真菌的滨梅幼苗叶中所有养分含量除了Fe都表现出相互作用,方差分析的结果显著;摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum在提高滨梅苗的抗盐能力上比透光球囊霉G.diaphanum更有效。实验结果表明接种特定的AM真菌能够缓解土壤盐胁迫对滨梅的伤害反应。     

温盐环境突变对海蜇幼体生存的影响

为配合2005年辽东湾渔场海蜇人工增殖放流项目,笔者对人工放流过程中,海蜇幼体由于从育苗室人海而引起的温盐环境突变以及在长途运输过程中引起的死亡率进行实验研究,其死亡率直接影响到海蜇的回捕率,进而对辽东湾渔场海蜇的资源量造成影响。实验中发现,在超出海蜇生存最佳盐度范围（20～30）,海蜇在高温（30℃、35℃）条件下,较高盐度组（35、40）较较低盐度组（15、20）的海蜇幼体的生存状态好、成活率高。同时,在低温（10℃、15℃）条件下,较低盐度组（15、20）较较高盐度组（35、40）的海蜇幼体的生存状态好、成活率高。     

文化创意视角下的食用菌产品包装设计分析

包装是展示产品特征、传递产品信息的重要载体,其中呈现的视觉形象、引发的审美体验直接关系到产品的辨识度,影响消费者的购买决策行为.通过分析文化创意视角下开展食用菌产品包装设计的原则,指出文化创意与产品包装设计的融合有利于展示食用菌产品特性,提升产品的审美内涵.从生态健康、情感和文化内涵等角度开展包装设计,使食用菌产品包装...     

Marine Cyclic Peptides: Antimicrobial Activity and Synthetic Strategies

Oceans are a rich source of structurally unique bioactive compounds from the perspective of potential therapeutic agents. Marine peptides are a particularly interesting group of secondary metabolites because of their chemistry and wide range of biological activities. Among them, cyclic peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including against bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Moreover, there are several examples of marine cyclic peptides revealing interesting antimicrobial activities against numerous drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making these compounds a very promising resource in the search for novel antimicrobial agents to revert multidrug-resistance. This review summarizes 174 marine cyclic peptides with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral properties. These natural products were categorized according to their sources—sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, crabs, marine bacteria, and fungi—and chemical structure—cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. The antimicrobial activities, including against drug-resistant microorganisms, unusual structural characteristics, and hits more advanced in (pre)clinical studies, are highlighted. Nocathiacins I–III (91–93), unnarmicins A (114) and C (115), sclerotides A (160) and B (161), and plitidepsin (174) can be highlighted considering not only their high antimicrobial potency in vitro, but also for their promising in vivo results. Marine cyclic peptides are also interesting models for molecular modifications and/or total synthesis to obtain more potent compounds, with improved properties and in higher quantity. Solid-phase Fmoc- and Boc-protection chemistry is the major synthetic strategy to obtain marine cyclic peptides with antimicrobial properties, and key examples are presented guiding microbiologist and medicinal chemists to the discovery of new antimicrobial drug candidates from marine sources.