The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

图书馆岗位匹配度的研究

论述了新世纪图书馆岗位匹配的含义和原则,并根据当前图书馆人岗不匹配的现状和问题,对图书馆人与岗位的合理匹配作出了具体而深刻的阐述。     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌B215对香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病抑制作用初探

通过香蕉内生枯草芽孢杆菌菌株B215对峙培养及其菌体代谢物的活性测定结果表明,B215菌株对香蕉弯孢霉叶斑病原真菌具有很强的拈抗作用,其对峙培养能明显抑制靶标菌菌丝向四周均匀扩展,抑菌带宽度为0.4 cm;菌株滤液的EC50值达5.10%,主要是以代谢产物中的抗菌物质造成孢子和菌丝膨大成球状畸形,原生质外泄,孢子崩溃干瘪,致使病菌丧失侵染和繁殖能力.     

二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯的抗性选育及增效剂的增效作用

［目的］ 探索二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗性机理和抗性治理途径。 ［方法］ 采用室内生物测定法,以采自兰州兴隆山自然保护区的二斑叶螨为敏感种群（S）,在室内用甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯分别对二斑叶螨进行抗性选育;用增效醚(PBO)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)、磷酸三甲苯酯(TPP)、有机硅、噻酮进行增效作用研究。［结果］二斑叶螨经室内甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯抗性选育45代和30代后,抗性倍数分别达到314.50倍和77.92倍。TPP、PBO、DEM 3种增效剂对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯种群的抗敏增效比分别为12.15、7.78和3.09,推测其抗性机理涉及的主要解毒酶是羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶; DEM对二斑叶螨抗螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效比大于TPP和PBO,分别为4.87、3.67和1.91,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯产生抗性机理可能与谷胱甘肽转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性增强有关。有机硅和噻酮对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效指数比分别为1.38、1.42和1.18、0.92,说明二斑叶螨的抗性与表皮通透性改变关系不密切。 ［结论］ 上述结果可以为二斑叶螨的抗性治理提供依据。     

线粒体复合体Ⅰ呼吸抑制剂的研究

线粒体复合体Ⅰ呼吸抑制剂不仅在医药上有着重要的研究价值,在农药方面也有着特殊的意义。这类药剂的作用机制比较特殊,害虫不易产生抗性,是一类非常有前途的杀虫药剂。从植物,微生物等生物体中发现了许多线粒体复合体Ⅰ呼吸抑制剂,如鱼藤酮、粉蝶霉素A、辣椒碱,番荔枝内酯、myxalamid等,它们可以作为农药的先导化合物进行药物合成。根据不同的作用方式,线粒体复合体Ⅰ呼吸抑制剂可分3种类型,分别以粉蝶霉素A、鱼藤酮、辣椒碱为代表。     

高等农业院校人文素质教育现状和对策分析——以大学语文为例

我国高校特别是农业院校的人文素质教育状况令人忧虑,呈现了边缘化倾向。作为高校素质教育主渠道的大学语文课的开设状况也不容乐观。要改变现状,适应人文教育对大学语文的要求,进行大学语文的教学改革已势在必行。以大学语文为例,分析了农业院校的人文素质教育状况,并从明确《大学语文》的课程定位、更新教学内容、创新教学模式、改革教学手段等方面提出了改革的建议和对策。     

天津市农业绿色发展水平的综合评价

为客观评价天津市农业绿色发展水平,本文从农业资源合理利用、产地环境、生态保护能力、人居环境治理和绿色生产能力五个方面建立指标体系,运用层次分析法对2010-2018年间天津市农业绿色发展水平开展评价.评价结果显示,天津市农业绿色发展指数由2010年的0.29提高到了2018年的0.94,增幅非常显著;2015年以来,有...     

No place to call home: Distribution patterns of the tufted ghost crab,Ocypode cursor,populations in nature reserves,Israel, Eastern Mediterranean

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