Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

2019年湖南省部分地区鸡、鸭、猪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

旨在调查2019年湖南省部分地区不同来源的大肠杆菌对抗生素的耐药水平,为养殖合理用药提供参考。从4个市畜禽养殖场采集猪、鸡和鸭粪便285份,使用麦康凯琼脂培养基和伊红美蓝培养基对大肠杆菌筛选,利用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱进行鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测16种抗生素对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。共分离出203株大肠杆菌(鸡源146株、鸭源20株和猪源37株),对四环素和氨苄西林耐药率最高,分别达到89.2%和84.7%;对头孢他啶、奥格门丁、黏菌素耐药率较低,分别为2.5%、2.0%和0.5%;所有菌株均对美罗培南敏感。抗3种及以上抗生素的菌株数目占比为87.7%,而仅5.42%的菌株对所有检测的抗生素敏感。另外,来源于减抗示范养殖场的大肠杆菌对大部分抗生素的耐药率,与来源于非减抗养殖场大肠杆菌相比未见显著差异。上述结果表明,湖南省动物源大肠杆菌的耐药水平仍处在较高水平,重视兽药使用管理并持续开展对大肠杆菌的耐药性监测十分必要。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

鱼用基因工程疫苗的研究概况

鱼病的化学药物防治会导致水质恶化、水产品药物残留超标或病原体耐药性增强等弊端.随着鱼类免疫学研究以及分子生物学技术的发展,鱼用基因工程疫苗的研究受到了广泛关注.系统地解析与梳理了鱼用基因工程疫苗发展的背景、意义及疫苗类型和国内外的研究与应用现状,明确现阶段我国鱼用基因工程疫苗发展面临的挑战并提出相应的发展建议,旨在为未...     

猪肺疫的诊断与防治

从病原、流行病学、症状、病理变化、实验室检验、类症鉴别及防治技术等方面,综合阐述了猪肺疫的诊治要点。     

猪育种软件的研究与应用

计算机技术已经成为加速现代动物育种进程的重要手段,为了适应规模化的猪场养殖和猪育种的发展需要,使用高效的猪场育种管理软件成为必然趋势。综述了计算机技术在动物育种中的应用现状,着重阐述国内外常见的猪育种管理软件,并提出目前相关软件存在的一些问题及未来发展趋势,为今后研究开发育种管理软件提供一定经验和借鉴。     

猪卵巢发育的组织学观察及磷酸二酯酶3A的表达研究

为研究母猪卵巢在不同发育阶段的组织学变化规律和探讨磷酸二酯酶3A(PDE3A)在卵巢发生发育和成熟过程中的生物学意义,选用二花脸母猪胎90日龄及1日龄、20日龄、120日龄和180日龄的母猪卵巢进行组织学观察,并利用RT-PCR检测PDE3A mRNA的表达情况。结果显示:胎90日龄主要由原始卵泡组成;1日龄、20日龄、120日龄卵巢内特征发育明显;180日龄卵巢内的形态特点与120日龄相似。卵巢PDE3A mRNA表达水平在20日龄时与其他各个阶段相比显著降低。提示:PDE3A在猪从原始卵泡募集到初级卵泡形成过程中可能具有生物学作用。     

Risk Assessment and Biosafety Studies of Transgenic Bt Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Transgenic crops having alien genes from different sources are getting popularity. A Rice （Oryza sativa L.） containing gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, was assessed to study the potential risks of transgenic plants on environment. The crop was found resistant to target insect pests. Rice variety Basmati-370 transformed with two insecticidal genes, crylAc and cry2A, was grown under field conditions for several years. Data were collected at different stages of the plant growth. Fate of Cry protein in soil, effect of Bt protein on non-target insects, risks of vertical and horizontal gene flow were evaluated. No potential hazard was found at all levels. Bt protein was unstable and degraded significantly in soil within 30 days after harvesting the crop. No harmful effects were found on non-target insects （insects other than order lepidoptera）. Maximum gene flow of 0.02% was observed at close spacing and no evidence of horizontal gene transfer to Rhizobium spp. was found. In conclusion, the transgenic rice plants transformed with Bt genes have no harmful effects on the environment.     

湖北白猪及其杂交后代H-FABP基因型与相关性状关系研究

 【目的】对湖北白猪及其杂交后代H-FABP基因多态性以及与生产性状的相关进行分析,为在湖北白猪优质系培育过程中进行分子标记辅助育种提供理论基础。【方法】采用PCR-RFLP（HinfⅠ、HaeⅢ、MspⅠ）方法分析湖北白猪及其杂交后代共计282头猪的H-FABP基因5′-上游区域和第二内含子遗传多态性,利用最小二乘模型分析杂交后代H-FABP基因型对相关生产性能的影响。【结果】湖北白猪在HinfⅠ-RFLP位点表现为单态,在HaeⅢ- RFLP和MspⅠ-RFLP位点上呈现多态,杂交一代、杂交二代在三个酶切位点均呈现出多态;湖北白猪在HinfⅠ-RFLP、HaeⅢ-RFLP位点均表现为低度多态,在MspⅠ-RFLP位点表现为中度多态,其杂交一代、杂交二代均表现为中度多态;不同基因型对IMF（Intramuscular fat,肌内脂肪）含量的影响,HH＞Hh＞hh,dd＞Dd＞DD,aa＞Aa＞AA,dd 基因型IMF含量显著高于DD、Dd基因型（P＜0.05）,aa、Aa基因型IMF含量极显著高于AA型（P＜0.01）。HH基因型20日龄重显著高于hh基因型（P＜0.05）。其它生产性能在不同基因型间差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】在选育群体中可以通过选择H-FABP的优势基因型（aa- dd- HH）提高IMF含量而不影响其它生产性状。     

一个剑白香猪实验群体的遗传多样性

选用荧光标记的19个微卫星DNA标记,通过PCR扩增和ABI3700遗传分析仪基因分型,对贵阳中医学院实验猪场的一个剑白香猪群体进行了遗传多样性研究.结果表明,在19个微卫星位点中,仅S0128位点存在哑等位基因(Null allele),SW951和S0218两个位点极显著地偏离哈德一温伯格平衡,其他位点皆处于哈德-温伯格平衡状态;该剑白香猪实验群体的平均等位基因数、平均多态信息含量和平均期望杂合度分别是3.680、0.452和0.521.在近期内没有发牛过瓶颈效应.并用STRUCTURE软件对所研究的群体进行了群体结构的分析,表明作为实验猪群的剑白香猪群体,虽经多年的培育,仍然保持了较丰富的遗传多样性.