The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

我国社会公平现状及实现路径

贫富差距拉大,社会保障制度不健全,教育资源配置失衡,住房问题严重,是我国社会不公平的集中表现和原因所在。完善社会保障制度,合理配置教育资源,加大住房政策改革及实施力度是关键。     

林隙(GAP)干扰研究进展

本文系统地介绍了森林循环的理论、自然干扰的概念、林隙的一般特征和林隙干扰的时空格局。干扰是森林循环的驱动力,干扰形成的林隙是森林循环的起点。林隙的大小、形成年龄、形成方式以及形成木的特征是研究林隙特征的重要参数,虽然不同森林群落中,林隙干扰的频率和程度及其时空变化规律不同,但大多数森林的年平均干扰率是在１％左右。不同的森林类型中,大、小型干扰的比例不同。小型林隙干扰与大型灾难性干扰在不同时空条件下的组合,就形成了不同森林景观的时空变化格局。     

不同栽培管理条件下夏玉米产量与肥料利用效率的差异解析

于2017—2018年在泰安、淄博和烟台,根据生产调研和各地夏玉米高产经验,在同一地块综合设置了超高产栽培、高产高效栽培和农户栽培3种栽培模式,分别模拟超高产生产水平(SH)、高产高效生产水平(HH)和农户生产水平(FP) 3个层次。并分别设置不施氮(SHN_0、HHN_0、FPN_0)、不施磷(SHP_0、HHP_0、FPP_0)和不施钾(SHK_0、HHK_0、FPK_0)的肥料空白处理。定量分析不同产量层次之间产量差及肥料利用效率差,探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。结果显示,当前山东省夏玉米SH、HH和FP的籽粒产量分别实现了光温潜力产量的68.13%、63.71%、53.22%。随着产量差距的增大,肥料利用效率降低。FP的N、P、K肥料利用效率分别为4.23、5.83、4.94 kg kg~(–1), SH的分别为3.84、4.64、2.97 kg kg~(–1)。通过优化栽培措施后,高产高效管理模式能够较FP籽粒产量提升10.49%, N、P、K的肥料利用效率分别提高67.07%、101.35%、57.65%,是实现产量与肥料利用效率协同提升的有效技术途径。对各产量水平进行产量性能分析发现,随着产量水平的提高,平均叶面积指数和单位面积穗数明显提高,而穗粒数、平均净同化率和粒重则有所下降。随着产量水平的提高,吐丝后干物质和N、P、K元素积累比例有增加的趋势。因此,在保持现有功能性参数不降低情况下,优化结构性参数是当前产量与资源利用效率协同提升的有效措施,今后高产高效应更加注重生育后期群体结构性能的优化。     

居民收入差距对我国经济发展的影响

我国城乡之间、行业之间、区域之间、城镇（或农村）内部的收入差距不断扩大,影响了经济发展。可通过拓宽就业渠道,保障教育公平,深化收入分配制度改革等来缩小收入差距,促进经济发展。     

亚高山针叶林冠下缺苞箭竹的克隆生长

以王朗国家级保护区亚高山针叶林下的缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)为研究对象,比较研究了不同林冠环境下克隆生长特征,及4种林冠环境下克隆繁殖的大小依赖关系.研究结果表明:林冠环境的差异导致了分株平均生物量、基径、高度以及当年生立竹分株密度的显著差异,但对整个无性系种群的分株密度没有影响,缺苞箭竹对不同林冠环境的响应主要体现在分株质量上;间隔子的生物量、直径、分枝强度和比间隔子长等克隆生长特征在各个林冠环境中存在显著差异,间隔子长度只在大林窗环境中显著低于其他林冠环境;缺苞箭竹在4种林冠环境下均表现出克隆繁殖的大小依赖关系,母株大小通过间隔子的作用,对当年生立竹大小有显著影响.缺苞箭竹的克隆生长受到不同林冠环境的影响,在其适宜生境(中等林窗)内种群通过提高分株质量以增强整个种群的生命力,同时克隆生长受到自身母株的制约,林冠环境通过影响母株的质量从而影响克隆繁殖分株.     

What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog

Abstract: A 5‐year‐old neutered male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was evaluated for a 3‐week history of progressive paresis. The dog had been receiving potassium citrate capsules to acidify urine for the past 2 years because of an earlier history of urolithiasis. Results of neurologic examination, spinal cord radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and spinal cord revealed no lesions that could have accounted for the neurologic signs. The main abnormalities on a clinical chemistry profile were marked hyperchloremia (179 mmol/L, reference interval 108–122 mmol/L) and an anion gap of ?50.4 mmol/L (reference interval 16.3–28.6 mmol/L). Because of the severe hyperchloremia, serum bromide concentration was measured (400 mg/dL; toxic concentration >150 mg/dL; some dogs may tolerate up to 300 mg/dL). Analysis of the potassium citrate capsules, which had been compounded at a local pharmacy, yielded a mean bromide concentration of 239 mg/capsule. Administration of the capsules was discontinued and there was rapid resolution of the dog's neurologic signs. This case of extreme bromide toxicity, which apparently resulted from inadvertent use of bromide instead of citrate at the pharmacy, illustrates the importance of knowing common interferents with analyte methodologies and of pursing logical additional diagnostic tests based on clinical and laboratory evidence, even when a patient's history appears to rule out a potential etiology.     

基于机载LiDAR数据的玉米叶面积指数反演

以机载LiDAR离散点云数据为数据源,基于植被冠层孔隙率与叶面积指数的关系,提出一种反演大田玉米叶面积指数的方法。对反演LAI和实测LAI进行对比分析,结果表明:基于Axelsson改进的不规则三角格网加密方法可以将地面点和非地面点分开,结合高分辨率影像能够提取出玉米冠层点云;基于孔隙率反演LAI,尼尔逊参数的选择对结果影响很大,利用扫描天顶角模拟尼尔逊参数,LAI反演结果接近于真实情况。利用机载LiDAR点云数据能精确地反演大田玉米LAI,该研究方法适用于中等高度的农作物,可以扩展到甜菜、甘蔗等其他中等高度农作物。     

二自由度换挡执行器的电磁场有限元分析

为提高AMT的换挡性能,提出了一种采用直接驱动方式的二自由度换挡执行器。首先对二自由度换挡执行器的结构特征以及工作原理进行了分析研究,然后利用有限元方法,运用Ansoft Maxwell软件对二自由度换挡执行器的直动部分进行二维建模、网格剖分及场后处理等工作,并绘制出了磁力线分布图、磁感应强度云图及气隙磁通密度曲线图等,然后对其进行了简要分析,并以此作为性能优化依据。通过改变二自由度换挡执行器直动部分永磁体的材料,气隙间隔及永磁体排列方式重新对其直动部分进行仿真,并与之前的分析结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明,3个参数的改变,提高了气隙磁通密度,即提高了二自由度换挡执行器的驱动性能。     

基于交叉导流式种箱的稻种流动性及结拱研究

为了研究稻种在交叉导流式种箱中的流动特性及临界结拱状况,避免在播种过程中种箱内种子流断裂,影响对填充区的供种,利用散体力学对种箱出流口的临界结拱间隙距离进行近似推导,借助高清摄像相机对种箱内种子流动特性进行观察分析,并进行临界结拱间隙距离的试验。试验结果表明：在该结构模式下,种箱内种子能够实现整体流动,临界结拱间隙距离试验的结果与公式推导结果相近。在交叉导流式种箱的导种板间隙设计中,对于干燥物料,通过公式推导的结果可以作为参考值,对于湿种则需对公式进行系数修正。