瘤胃微生物在木质纤维素价值化利用的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物消化的第一个腔室，各种微生物（细菌、真菌和原生动物）相互作用将木质纤维素植物生物降解为易于代谢的化合物。瘤胃也是目前自然界公认的木质纤维素高效降解和利用的天然反应器，其真菌和细菌可分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶，在木质纤维素生产生物燃料和化学用品方面具有潜在的价值。因此，本研究在瘤胃内木质纤维降解的微生物及其降解木质纤维素相关酶的基础上，重点综述了瘤胃微生物在木质纤维素生物转化为乙醇、生物化学（有机酸）及沼气等方面的研究进展，旨在为瘤胃微生物和瘤胃酶在木质纤维素价值化利用方面的研究和应用提供新的方法和思路。     

沼肥对苹果生物性状的试验初报

笔者对苹果施用沼肥后的生物性状进行了长达4a的对比试验研究，采取对比设计法，在叶、枝、花、果等器官的相关指标取得了极为明显的效果，在果业生产上有极好的推广价值。     

三峡库区农村沼气综合利用途径与思考

三峡库区资源丰富,但库区农村存在资源利用不合理、能源紧缺的情况.库区的气候及资源是发展沼气的有利条件.沼气是一项投资少,见效快,一次投资长期受益的好项目;是能够解决库区农村燃料短缺,提高用能品质,促进农民增收节支的有效途径,并且是保护生态改善农村生活环境,促进库区农村生态经济可持续发展的有效举措.     

农村户用沼气服务体系评价建模及应用——基于2010年壳牌中国能源调查河南省偃师市调研项目

作为新能源的沼气具有巨大的应用前景.近年来,在我国农村沼气事业的发展过程中出现了以服务体系不完善为主的诸多问题,如何科学、合理地评价农村沼气服务体系水平,发现原因及时解决,对我国农村能源战略的发展具有重要的现实意义.本文首先根据实地调研情况并使用专家咨询法构建了服务体系评价的指标体系；其次,建立了基于三角白化权函数的灰色评价模型；最后根据调研数据,运用评价模型分析了偃师市农村沼气服务体系的现状.     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.     

特大型沼气工程温室气体减排效益分析——以“海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气项目”为例

根据国际通用的温室气体减排计算方法，对海南澄迈日产3万Nm3车用沼气工程所带来的主要温室气体减排量和减排效益进行了估算分析。结果表明：项目每年可减少温室气体排放53 560 t(CO2当量)，以上海碳交易市场近年平均交易价格(39.23元/t CO2)计算，可带来210.12万元的经济效益。     

松滋市“一站式”农村沼气服务模式建设现状及建议

文章深入的考察了湖北省松滋市“一站式”沼气后续服务模式的具体实现形式和建设现状；通过总结、对比等方式,对该模式做了详细分析和研究,发现“一站式”服务模式在优化人员配置、稳定服务人员等方面取得了良好效果,但仍存在诸如服务意识不到位、服务网点收入保障不足等问题.最后在分析“一站式”模式的优势和不足的基础上,提出了针对性的建议.     

Drought Tolerance and Water‐Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant,Maize and Lucerne‐Grass

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET ), water‐use efficiency (WUE ) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2‐year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE ) and lucerne‐grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration‐use efficiency (TUE ) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought‐related above‐ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne‐grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha^?1 mm^?1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne‐grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.     

以沼气为纽带的西藏农牧业清洁生产模式研究

为了解决因长期不合理施用化肥导致的西藏土壤理化性状、营养元素、有机物质、生物学活性和重金属含量等问题,提出了以沼气为纽带的西藏农牧业清洁生产的3种模式,均以沼肥综合利用促进沼气发展为目标的,集养殖、沼气、种植为一体的循环农牧业清洁生产模式。同时,阐述了农牧业清洁生产的内涵和目标,以及西藏发展农牧业清洁生产的条件、模式、存在的问题及解决对策,为解决长期不合理施用化肥而导致的一系列问题提供思路。该研究有利于实现资源循环利用,实现生态农业与无公害农产品的生产,保护农牧区生态环境,促进西藏农牧业的可持续发展。     

中国户用沼气技术转化制约因素分析及对策

围绕生物质能源技术转化和农村可持续发展目标实现的制约因素，提出发展户用沼气池相应对策：改变政府职能和激励措施，搭建自由公平的社会平台；开拓多种融资途径，加强科技研发和成果转化，构建服务体系，推进沼气技术产业化；通过科普宣传、资金扶持、政策约束和经济效益反馈激励等措施，协调和促进农村沼气能源的开发利用。