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1.
内蒙古典型草原大型土壤动物群落动态及其在放牧下的变化   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
刘新民  郭砺 《草地学报》1999,7(3):228-235
本文研究在定量化实验牧压下内蒙古典型草原区大型土壤动物群落动脉及其对牧压变化的反应。结果表明,在4-8只羊/hm^2放牧强度下土壤动物多样性,均匀性相对较其他放牧区高。在过牧区,土壤动物生物量,密度虽无明显降低,但优势类群单一化,群落稳定性差。土壤动物密度,生物量,群落多样性,均匀性,种类丰富度与放牧强度的提高呈负相关,但随着放牧强度的提高,上述变化不呈线性下降。  相似文献   
2.
用免疫荧光、酶标技术检测赭曲霉毒素A的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
该项研究采用本课题组提纯的赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A·简称OA)和研制的兔抗OA抗体等,进行间接荧光法和ELISA间接法检测OA的试验。通过对不同浓度的OA纯品和含毒饲料浸提液及中毒死亡鸡内脏的间接荧光染色,均能检出分布均匀、大小有别的黄绿色荧光亮点;用OA为被检抗原和兔抗OA抗体与羊抗兔IgG-HRP进行ELISA间接法试验,对含不同浓度OA的试验孔和对照孔的检测,结果均正确稳定。研究结果证明,以上两种检测方法检测OA均具有灵敏、特异、快速等优点。  相似文献   
3.
全射流喷灌喷头射流元件对喷头工作性能有重要影响,其内部液气两相流动影响着射流元件的尺寸设计。采用流体体积函数两相流数学模型,对射流元件稳定附壁情况下二维及三维流场进行数值模拟,获得射流元件壁面压力分布规律、射流中线速度衰减规律、无因次附壁点距离和液气两相界面坐标位置。壁面静压试验数据与计算值对比具有一致性。在相同入口速度下,随着偏移率的增大,射流元件壁面压力极大值减小,附壁点下移。归纳出小偏移率情况下无因次附壁点距离与偏移率的经验关系式。该研究为射流元件的尺寸设计提供依据。  相似文献   
4.
单军  季荣 《土壤》2008,40(6):863-871
土壤有机C是维持全球C平衡过程中的重要C库,其降解和转化在地球化学循环中占有重要地位。大型土壤动物对土壤有机C的稳定性起着重要的调控作用。14C示踪技术由于在测定目标化合物的转化速率和定位代谢产物和残留物分布上的优势,近年来在土壤有机C稳定性研究中得到了广泛应用。本文综述了3种典型土食性大型土壤动物,白蚁(Isoptera:Termitidae)、甲虫幼虫(Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)和蚯蚓(Oligochaeta:Lumbricidae),对土壤稳态有机C降解转化的14C示踪研究结果及相关的微生物作用。食土白蚁和甲虫幼虫的极端碱性(pH10~12.5)肠道段和肠道内的特殊蛋白酶的共同作用促使这两种动物可以选择性地降解和矿化腐殖酸中的稳态多肽等组分,进一步提高腐殖酸的腐殖化程度。食土蚯蚓体内含有高活性的纤维素酶,能促进纤维素的降解。虽然木质素在蚓粪中能发生降解,蚯蚓也能降解植物树叶,但是食土蚯蚓能否降解或选择性降解稳态土壤有机C的研究还极少。大型土壤动物肠道内含有大量微生物及酶,这些微生物在土壤动物降解和腐殖化有机C的过程中所起的具体作用如何以及这些酶的来源还不是很清楚。文中总结了目前对大型土壤动物转化土壤有机C认识上的不足,并对一些优先研究方向提出了建议。  相似文献   
5.
The soil fauna is often a neglected group in many large-scale studies of farmland biodiversity due to difficulties in extracting organisms efficiently from the soil. This study assesses the relative efficiency of the simple and cheap sampling method of handsorting against Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler apparatus extraction. Soil cores were taken from grassy arable field margins and wheat fields in Cambridgeshire, UK, and the efficiencies of the three methods in assessing the abundances and species densities of soil macroinvertebrates were compared. Handsorting in most cases was as efficient at extracting the majority of the soil macrofauna as the Berlese–Tullgren funnel and Winkler bag methods, although it underestimated the species densities of the woodlice and adult beetles. There were no obvious biases among the three methods for the particular vegetation types sampled and no significant differences in the size distributions of the earthworms and beetles. Proportionally fewer damaged earthworms were recorded in larger (25 × 25 cm) soil cores when compared with smaller ones (15 × 15 cm). Handsorting has many benefits, including targeted extraction, minimum disturbance to the habitat and shorter sampling periods and may be the most appropriate method for studies of farmland biodiversity when a high number of soil cores need to be sampled.  相似文献   
6.
The effectiveness of reduced-impact logging practices on the maintenance of biodiversity in Borneo has been recognized for some organisms (e.g., mammals). We investigated the effects of reduced-impact logging and conventional selective logging practices on biodiversity by using soil fauna as indicators of disturbance. The study sites were the production forests of the Deramakot Forest Reserve and the Tangkulap Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (5°14–30′ N, 117°11–36′ E). We compared macro- and mesofauna in a pristine forest with no logging, a reduced-impact logged forest in Deramakot Forest Reserve, and a conventionally logged forest in Tangkulap Forest Reserve.The mean density of soil macrofauna (excluding ants) did not differ significantly among the three forest categories (nested ANOVA, p > 0.05). This tendency was also seen in the density and species richness of Oribatida and Collembola, which showed little difference among forest categories. Nonmetrical multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination diagrams revealed a different community composition in conventionally logged forest sites compared with the other sites. The scores for the NMS first or second axis of soil fauna were correlated with one or more of the values for density, diversity, and species composition of trees. A RELATE test showed the congruence between trees and the Collembola and Oribatida community composition between sites. The results implied that the soil fauna community composition was related to tree communities. In conclusion, the impacts of logging on decomposers in the soil animal communities have been mitigated by the introduction of reduced-impact logging in Deramakot Forest Reserve through the protection of tree vegetation. It is important to consider monitoring the influence of selective logging on soil fauna with regard to the dynamics of the species (or group) composition because total density and species (or group) richness of soil fauna displayed only a marginal response to the different logging practices.  相似文献   
7.
Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.  相似文献   
8.
ABSTRACT

Soil macrofauna is vital for soil functions and soil-mediated processes in all ecosystems. However, environmental perturbations, such as drought, that threaten both the abundance and function of soil macrofauna remain mostly unexplored, particularly in an agroforestry system. We investigated the effects of drought on soil macrofauna abundance and vertical distribution under three different planting systems including two intercropping systems, comprising Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) intercropped with soybean (Glycine max) (Z-G) or bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) (Z-C), and one monoculture system, comprising only Z. bungeanum (Z). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm, and soil macrofauna and chemical properties were analyzed. Soil dryness negatively affected soil macrofauna in all planting systems. Drought reduced the total macrofauna density, biomass, genera richness, and Pielou’s evenness. Additionally, drought significantly decreased density and biomass of Drawida and Eisenia but had no effect on Carabid beetles. Soil macrofauna density was highest in the Z-G intercropping system and higher at 0–10 cm than at other soil depths. These results indicate that intercropping soybean rather than bell pepper increases the abundance and biomass of soil macrofauna, and drought remarkably impacts the response of soil macrofauna to planting systems.  相似文献   
9.
10.
桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的群落结构特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
于2016年9月和11月对我国北方典型筏式养殖海湾—桑沟湾的筏式贝藻养殖区和网箱养殖区的大型底栖动物进行调查,研究了桑沟湾不同养殖区大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布、群落结构及生物多样性等群落特征,分析了底栖动物与海洋环境因子的关系,以了解养殖活动对大型底栖动物的影响。结果显示,调查共鉴定出大型底栖动物67种,其中,环节动物多毛类36种,软体动物12种,节肢动物门甲壳类和全足类16种,棘皮动物3种。桑沟湾大型底栖动物的优势种主要为多毛类,贝藻区的绝对优势种为刚鳃虫和长叶索沙蚕,网箱区的绝对优势种为异足索沙蚕和多丝独毛虫。生物量和丰度的特性为9月网箱区11月网箱区9月贝藻区,多样性指数的趋势相反。研究表明,底栖动物群落特征与底质有机碳、总磷、硫化物和氧化还原电位等因素有关,桑沟湾大规模养殖活动对底栖动物群落组成和分布产生了一定的影响。  相似文献   
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