Seasonal growth and diet of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in demonstration channels and the main channel of the Waitaki River, New Zealand, 1982–1983

Abstract– Juvenile chinook salmon in the Waitaki River, New Zealand and demonstration channels, living at about 16°C, increased in length by 0.32 mm day⁻¹ between 4 November and 4 March. They gained weight quickly, accumulated large visceral fat deposits and had high conditions factors. At 1600 h, stomachs averaged half full. The number of prey tended to decline as the fish grew and consumed larger items. Initially the diet was based mainly on chironomid larvae, but by December it included a diversity of prey in more equal proportions. These included Deleatidium in the Waitaki; amphipods in the demonstration channels; various trichopterans, hemipterans, elmid beetles, zooplankton. terrestrial dipterans and a variety of other prey. There were significant differences between sites in numbers of prey consumed and these probably reflected differences in the benthos. Diets in the Waitaki differ from those in the Rakaia River and the food of juvenile salmon appears closely linked to the availability of a diverse range of possible prey.     

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段干暖河谷区生态建设探讨

澜沧江、金沙江云南德钦段形成了独特的干暖河谷区自然环境，分析了其特点、成因。探讨了其生态建设的思路应是尊重自然规律、发扬优秀民风习俗、引进实用技术、发展非公林业。     

60多年来车尔臣河流域主要水文要素特征分析

开展河流主要水文要素变化特征分析,可为不同来水情景下水资源配置（农业需水量计算、山区水库调蓄计算、水利工程规划布局、水资源优化利用等）提供理论依据。以新疆车尔臣河为例,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法对主要水文要素变化特征进行了分析。车尔臣河径流系列变差系数（Cv）为0.34,偏差系数（Cs）为1.14,径流年际变化相对稳定;1957—2021年间径流整体呈显著增加趋势,其中1957—2003年处于上升、下降的波动状态,在2003年后径流整体呈增加趋势,且在2008年发生突变;径流过程存在 11 a和 19 a的显著主周期,在主周期内还存在 7 a和 11 a的小周期;基于距平百分率法得到丰水年来水为6.630亿m³,平水年来水量为5.319亿m³,枯水年来水量为4.820亿m³;流域降水呈现显著上升趋势,气温呈先下降后上升波动,整体呈上升趋势。研究表明,1957—2021年,在车尔臣河流域,径流年际变化相对稳定,整体呈显著增加趋势,过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,降水呈波动上升趋势,气温也呈增加趋势,在未来水资源配置规划时应重点关注以上特征。     

长江安庆江段存在溯河洄游型和淡水定居型刀鲚实证研究

为了探究长江十年禁渔后安庆江段刀鲚的生境履历,利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术研究安庆江段不同类型长颌刀鲚(Coilia nasus)和短颌刀鲚的耳石Sr和Ca微化学特征。结果显示,根据耳石Sr/Ca值的变化值将安庆江段的短颌刀鲚分为2类,一类是其比值为一直小于3.0的低值,表明其纯淡水的生境履历;另一类是其比值不仅有小于3.0的低值区,还有大于3.0的高值区(小于7.0),表明其不仅有淡水的生境履历,还有高盐度的河口半咸水生境履历。长颌刀鲚的耳石Sr/Ca值均具有小于3.0的低值区和大于3.0 (甚至大于7.0)高值区的显著波动,表现为典型的淡水、河口半咸水及海水的溯河洄游型生境履历,Sr含量面分析图谱也可印证上述结果。本研究表明,长江安庆江段刀鲚群体组成较为复杂,同时存在溯河洄游型、淡水定居型短颌刀鲚和溯河洄游型长颌刀鲚3种生态表型个体。     

利用平原水库实现地表水与地下水联合调蓄的研究——以海河流域东南段为例

海河流域东南段地下水系统调蓄潜力大,调蓄能力强,由于调蓄水源欠缺,地下水的人工调蓄研究停滞不前。研究区近年修建的大量平原水库,为地下水的人工调蓄提供了水源条件。由于单纯依靠平原水库调蓄地表水,不仅侵占大量农田,还将产生诸如水资源浪费、土壤次生盐渍化等环境地质问题。利用地下水巨大的调蓄空间和有利的调蓄途径,凭借一定的回灌工程,将平原水库蓄存的地表水回灌至地下蓄存,同时解决了地下水调蓄的水源问题和地表水调蓄空间、蒸发及其他环境地质问题,是水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。     

Stability in reproductive timing and habitat usage of Chinook salmon across six years of varying environmental conditions and abundance

The spatial and temporal distribution of spawning activity by autumn‐run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) was examined across multiple years. The study period included two years of extreme drought conditions when water temperatures in the spawning reach of the Stanislaus River were considered sub‐optimal for spawning and egg incubation. Despite varying levels of superimposition, redd counts and densities remained stable and positively associated with river location, indicating that superimposition may be driven by habitat preference rather than the absence of suitable spawning locations. Spawning occurred slightly later during drought years (6–10 days later compared with wetter years). This delay was attributable to deferred migration instead of deferred spawning, and the majority of redds were constructed at water temperatures exceeding the optimal temperature range. As a consequence, estimates of juvenile production during 2014 and 2015 were among the lowest on record. These findings may be related in part to the high hatchery contribution to the population, above‐average temperatures during spawning and incubation, and superimposition rates. Management recommendations include adequate cold‐water storage in the upstream reservoir, refined spawning habitat restoration techniques in the light of superimposition rates and, on a broader system scale, actions that reduce the amount of stray hatchery Chinook salmon.     

无锡亲水河生态修复过程中的浮游甲壳动物群落结构研究

采用前置库技术及生物绳与湿地植物联合修复技术对无锡市亲水河进行生态修复。为了研究生态修复过程中水环境因子与浮游甲壳动物群落结构之间的关系、水质改变对浮游甲壳动物群落结构的影响及其生态学意义,对2014年6-12月生态修复期间的浮游甲壳动物群落结构进行了研究。共检测出浮游甲壳动物24种,其中枝角类10属、11种,桡足类11属、13种,主要优势种类为角突网纹溞(Creiodaphnia cornuta)、简弧象鼻溞(Bosmina coregoni)、中华窄腹剑水蚤(Limnoithona sinensis)、爪哇小剑水蚤(Microcylops javanus)和广布中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops leuckarti)。亲水河生态示范区内浮游甲壳动物的最大密度和生物量(1005.00个/L、8617.1 μg/L)均出现在8月份,最小值(1.80个/L、11.4μg/L)出现在11月和12月。生态修复后,亲水河中浮游甲壳动物生物量由前置库区的892.6 μg/L上升到生态修复区的1018.5 μg/L。Pearson相关分析发现,温度（r=0.530,P<0.01）、营养盐[磷（r=0.365,P<0.01）与氮磷比（r=-0.477,P<0.01）]和叶绿素a（r=0.450,P<0.01）含量等对浮游甲壳动物总丰度有显著影响。生态修复工程实施期间,亲水河不同修复阶段的浮游甲壳动物的丰度差异较大,并且表现为生态修复区密度和生物量显著高于前置库区。相关分析发现,浮游甲壳动物的密度与水体中总磷和叶绿素含量、温度以及氮磷比等显著相关,其它环境因子的影响不显著。研究表明,亲水河前置库、生物绳与湿地植物联合生态修复技术能够有效消减河流中营养物质含量,提升浮游甲壳动物的密度和生物量,值得在类似河流生态修复工程推广应用。     

长江源区土地沙漠化防治对策与措施

长江源区的土地沙漠化是最严重的生态环境问题。沙漠化土地主要分布于曲麻莱和治多两县境内的通天河阶地及楚玛尔河滩地 ,在玉树、称多县和塘古拉山乡也有分布。在青藏公路的五道粱至二道沟以东的河滩地区 ,有大片流动沙丘分布。在沱沱河口以东有连片的流动沙丘分布 ,其余地区为不连片的零星流动沙丘和沙漠化土地分布 ,长江源区共有沙漠化土地面积 1 9475 .32k 。土地沙漠化的迅速扩展 ,不仅影响本区生态环境 ,同时直接影响着整个流域的社会经济持续发展。根据本区高海拔寒冷的严酷自然条件 ,依科技为先导 ,建立科技示范工程 ,以保护生态环境为主 ,恢复植被与防治沙漠化土地相结合 ,即采取封育保护或建立生态保护区 ,在条件适宜的地区结合补播、治沙造林 ,运用生物和工程相结合的综合防治土地沙漠化的技术措施 ,建立新的生态系统 ,改善生态环境 ,恢复和重建长江源区的生态环境     

黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2排放研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2释放特征的研究结果表明：“黑土滩”3种不同处理：“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸（BC）,土壤呼吸（BJ）和土壤微生物呼吸（BL）的CO2释放速率日变化具有相似性,均呈现出明显的单峰型特点,且白天大于夜间;CO2释放速率季节动态变化明显,且3者的变化趋势基本一致;“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸与地表温度及5cm地温呈极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）;而土壤微生物呼吸与0～10cm土壤水分含量相关显著（P〈0．05）。     

Freshwater snail distribution related to environmental factors in Banco National Park,an urban reserve in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)

Freshwater snails and environmental variables were studied at seven stations along the Banco River (Ivory Coast;West Africa) from March to October 2008. Two species (Physa marmorata (Physidae) and Bulinus forskalii (Planorbidae) were recorded only at one sampling site. This station which received domestic sewage from the neighbouring cities was characterized by the highest conductivity and pH and the lowest values of dissolved oxygen. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that snail densities were probably influenced by conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and canopy cover. Also, snail dynamics showed a seasonal pattern, with peak population densities and recruitment of young generations during rainy periods. This study highlighted the impacts of sewage on snail diversity and distribution in the Banco River. Overall, this paper strengthens the viewpoint that the Banco River management should be implemented to lessen the impact of anthropogenic activities on the ecology of the Banco National Park.