Landscape attributes and life history variability shape genetic structure of trout populations in a stream network

Spatial and temporal landscape patterns have long been recognized to influence biological processes, but these processes often operate at scales that are difficult to study by conventional means. Inferences from genetic markers can overcome some of these limitations. We used a landscape genetics approach to test hypotheses concerning landscape processes influencing the demography of Lahontan cutthroat trout in a complex stream network in the Great Basin desert of the western US. Predictions were tested with population- and individual-based analyses of microsatellite DNA variation, reflecting patterns of dispersal, population stability, and local effective population sizes. Complementary genetic inferences suggested samples from migratory corridors housed a mixture of fish from tributaries, as predicted based on assumed migratory life histories in those habitats. Also as predicted, populations presumed to have greater proportions of migratory fish or from physically connected, large, or high quality habitats had higher genetic variability and reduced genetic differentiation from other populations. Populations thought to contain largely non-migratory individuals generally showed the opposite pattern, suggesting behavioral isolation. Estimated effective sizes were small, and we identified significant and severe genetic bottlenecks in several populations that were isolated, recently founded, or that inhabit streams that desiccate frequently. Overall, this work suggested that Lahontan cutthroat trout populations in stream networks are affected by a combination of landscape and metapopulation processes. Results also demonstrated that genetic patterns can reveal unexpected processes, even within a system that is well studied from a conventional ecological perspective.     

方正智绘Mirage GIS在资源调查上的二次开发

论述了方正智绘Mirage GIS在森林资源调查中的二次开发,详细介绍了方正智绘MirageGIS进行二次开发的对象模型,方法,并在Visual Basic开发环境下进行具体实例的开发应用。     

对三种电子图书系统的分析研究

目前国内大型的电子图书系统有三家，它们是超星、书生之家和方正Apabi，本文主要从这三家电子图书所覆盖的学科领域和收藏数量、数据处理、价格、服务功能等多个方面，进行详细的比较研究，以期对三大电子图书加深了解，为学校和企事业单位采购电子图书提供参考。     

A Novel Approach to the Treatment and Prevention of Laminitis: Botulinum Toxin Type A for the Treatment of Laminitis

Laminitis is an inflammation of the lamina of hoofed animals. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), laminitis impacts approximately 2% of the horse population each year. Because of the severity of the inflammation and chronic pain, it is frequently necessary to euthanize these horses. Surviving horses may be left useless, with resultant economic and social impact on the industry. Current interventions for laminitis are based on supportive care and alteration of biomechanical forces on the digit. The transition from laminitis to laminar failure (founder) is believed to be caused by the “weight of the horse and the forces of locomotion driving the bone down into the hoof capsule.” We hypothesize that an important factor is the torsional forces placed on the distal phalanx (coffin bone) by the deep digital flexor muscle and tendon. The paralyzing effect of botulinum toxin will result in a decrease of these torsional forces and therefore will aid in the prevention or treatment of the sequelae of laminitis. Seven horses with varying degrees of laminitis were evaluated. Each underwent pretreatment and posttreatment radiographs as well as pretreatment and posttreatment Obel grading. Each horse received botulinum toxin type A injected into the belly of the deep digital flexor muscle. In all cases there was radiographic stabilization of pedal displacement from the dorsal hoof wall. Obel scores showed improvement of 1 to 2 grades during the time monitored.     

小麦骨干亲本“洛夫林10号”1BL/1RS在衍生品种中的遗传分析

为了探讨小麦骨干亲本“洛夫林10号”1BL/1RS在衍生品种中的遗传特征,利用小麦1B染色体上的17对SSR引物,对以洛夫林10号为亲本衍生的1～3个世代的14个代表性小麦品种进行了分析。结果表明,除“洛夫林10号”衍生一代的“丰抗9号”和衍生二代的“京411”和“京437”很可能丢失了1RS外,其余的11个衍生品种极可能携带1RS,但各个品种携带的1RS在遗传构成上表现不同,说明在育种选择过程中1RS并非作为一个完整的单元遗传,而是与小麦的染色体发生了遗传重组。值得注意的是,“洛夫林10号”位于1BL上的Xgwm259~Xwmc728、Xwmc416~Xgwm153~Xwmc44~Xgwm259~Xwmc728和位于1RS上的Xwmc619~Xgwm413表现为区段遗传,进一步分析发现一些区段具有丰富的优异基因簇。这一结果提示,骨干亲本之所以能够在育种中发挥重要的作用,很可能是因为其具有区段遗传效应。深入探讨骨干亲本在衍生品种中的区段遗传效应对提高育种效率具有重要意义。     

Genetic diversity in Polish hounds estimated by pedigree analysis

Data from 247 litters of Polish hounds born at 105 kennels between 1960 and 2004 was analysed in order to evaluate the genetic variability of the breed. The breed originated from 19 founders and the founder genome equivalent ranged from 2.043 to 1.287 over the span of forty-four years of breeding. The high imbalance of founder contributions to the gene pool was noted, with the dominant contribution of four founders. The low number of the founders and the high disproportion of particular dogs in breeding use resulted in the increasing value of inbreeding coefficient which ranged from 0.0771 to 0.370. The poor gene pool seems to be strictly connected to the deteriorating health of the population which draws into question the future of the breed.     

方正智绘GIS软件在森林资源调查规划设计中的应用

对方正智给GIS软件作了简单介绍，阐述了应用方正智绘GIS软件处理森林资源调查规划设计获得的信息与成果产出的主要做法，对应用中不同的处理方式进行了分析，与手工绘图作了比较。     

Genetic comparison of experimental farmed strains and wild Icelandic populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Microsatellite DNA loci and the Pantophysin locus (Pan I) were used to investigate levels of genetic diversity within farmed strains of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and to compare them with the wild source population. A total of 282 farmed samples originating from a spawning ground off the south-west coast of Iceland were sampled in the years 2002 and 2003, and 258 wild cod were collected at the same spawning ground in the same years. The farmed strains exhibited a lower mean number of alleles and allelic diversity than the wild samples at the microsatellite loci. Significant differences were observed between wild and farmed samples both in allele and genotype frequencies at the Pan I locus. We argue that the genetic divergence of wild and farmed samples of Atlantic cod may be due to a small number of effective founding breeders contributing to the genetic variation of the farmed strains, inducing a reduction in allelic diversity. We discuss the potential effect of breeding practices on the genetic diversity of Atlantic cod.     

黑龙江省方正林业局大径材培育项目研究

黑龙江省方正林业局自然地理条件优越,适宜大径材培育。该局计划到2011年底建成规模为1000亩的优质速生丰产用材林基地,以适应市场对优质木材的需求。本文从项目建设目标、规模、技术要求、投资估算、效益评价等几方面对实施大径材培育项目做了分析,强调实施此项目很有意义。