实验性鸡大肠杆菌病的超微动态病理变化

10～ 12日龄 SPF鸡 180只 ,随机分为 4组 ,分别气管内注射致病性大肠杆菌 O18分离株 (大肠杆菌接种组 )、低致病性禽流感病毒 (mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus,MPAIV) H9N2株 (MPAIV接种组 )、先接种 MPAIV再接种大肠杆菌 (混合接种组 ) ,并设健康对照组 ,分别于接种后不同时间 ,取气管、肺、气囊、胸腺、法氏囊、脾、肝和肾组织 ,制作超薄切片 ,电镜观察。结果表明 ,MPAIV与大肠杆菌混合接种组比大肠杆菌接种组出现病变的时间早、恢复慢 ;在大肠杆菌接种组 ,接种后 3h气囊上皮和间质细胞中都可见典型的大肠杆菌 ;在混合接种组 ,接种后 3h,气囊间质细胞的吞噬泡中可见多个 MPAIV粒子。由此认为 ,MPAIV可使鸡大肠杆菌病严重化 ,大肠杆菌对 MPAIV的入侵和在鸡体内的复制可能有促进作用。     

实验性鸡大肠杆菌病病理学动态变化

用致病性大肠杆菌O18分离株和／或低致病性禽流感病毒（Mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,MPAIV)接种10－12日龄SPF鸡。在接种后1－96h进行临床症状与大体病理变化、组织学观察发现：大肠杆菌接种组、MPAIV接种组和健康接种组除扑杀鸡外未见鸡死亡，MPAIV与大肠杆菌混合接种组除扑杀鸡外死亡率为24％。混合接种组的病变比大肠杆菌接种组出现的时间早，恢复也慢，各脏器的病理变化更严重。MPAIV主要引起各实质器官的坏死，结果表明，大肠杆菌经气管内接种后试验鸡主要表现为呼吸道的炎症反应；MPAVI可使鸡大肠杆菌病严重化。     

SPF鸡人工感染禽源大肠杆菌、H9亚型禽流感病毒后的体液免疫应答和死亡率分析

SPF鸡经不同顺序、不同时间间隔人工感染MPAIV和E．coli 173株（04）后，对试验鸡的病死率和针对大肠杆菌不同抗原体液免疫应答水平等进行研究。结果表明：各混合感染组试验鸡病死率明显高于单独接种组，且以先接种MPAIV再接种E．coli组死亡率最高；各混合感染组试验鸡针对E．coli OMPs和LPS的抗体水平低于单独感染E．coli组，其中又以先接种MPAIV再接种E．coli组为最低，提示MPAIV和E．coli间存在协同致病作用，这种协同机理可能与因MPAIV的感染导致一定程度的免疫抑制并进而促进了E．coli在体内的定居与繁殖有关。     

同一个体不同组织来源大肠杆菌分离株O86致病性研究

2014年江苏某肉鸡场暴发禽大肠杆菌病,从同一病死鸡个体不同部位分离到禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)。为了解同一个体腺胃和心血分离株的致病性,经形态特性、生化试验和血清型鉴定,两分离株均符合O86的典型特征;人工感染显示,两分离株分别以108cfu/m L左胸气囊接种SPF鸡可导致不同程度致病性;病死鸡多个脏器组织可分离到细菌,且腺胃中腺胃分离株的载菌量高于心血分离株,其病理组织学变化涉及肝、脾、肺、肾和腺胃。说明APEC的致病性与其分离部位有一定的相关性,结果为相关禽大肠杆菌病的有效防控提供了新思路。     

鸡毒支原体油乳剂灭活苗对降低鸡毒支原体垂直传播作用的研究

本试验将30只MG阴性的20周龄的蛋种鸡随机分为4组，Ⅰ组于21和25周龄、Ⅱ组仍于25周龄时分别颈部皮下接种MG油乳剂灭活苗0.5ml/只，Ⅲ组于攻毒后1周接种1ml／只，另设一组对照，不接种疫苗。各组均在29周龄时用通过SPF鸡两次复壮的MG－BG44T株经左胸气囊和鼻腔攻毒。收集攻毒后1－7周内所产的蛋，用PCR方法检测鸡蛋卵黄膜中的MG。结果在攻毒后7周内各免疫组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）的垂直传播率显著低于对照组（P＜0.01），分别比对照组低26.37%、12.8%、13.64%。攻毒后各免疫组和对照组经4次采样均可从喉头拭子中分离到MG但免疫组的分离率较低。攻毒后第7周从对照组鸡的气管、肺、气囊中均可分离到MG，而试验Ⅰ组仅在气管和肺中分离到了MG。试验Ⅰ组和对照组鸡的输卵管、心、肝、脾和肾中均未分离到MG。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌16S rRNA PCR鉴定方法的建立

为了建立一种鸡致病性大肠杆菌的快速检测方法,本试验通过无菌采集疑似感染致病性大肠杆菌鸡的心、肝、脾、肾作为病料,经过细菌分离培养、生化鉴定和致病力试验,利用大肠杆菌16S rRNA通用引物对3株致病菌进行PCR扩增,均得到了特异性扩增产物。并对扩增产物进行核酸测序和BLAST比对。结果显示,分离得到3株鸡致病性大肠杆菌(DZMG、DGCG1、DGCP3),扩增出的16S rRNA基因序列与鸡致病性大肠杆菌基因序列同源性为100%。提示该检测方法具有特异性高和简单快捷的特点。     

不同佐剂对禽霍乱弱毒苗在鸡体内居留时间的影响

以不同佐剂处理的禽霍乱弱毒活菌液,胸肌接种鸡后,不同时间内剖杀试验鸡,分别采集注射部位、肝、脾、肾、肺、胸腺、胰、脑、法氏囊和心血等组织材料作巴氏杆菌分离。结果表明:(1)禽霍乱活菌在鸡体内器官居留时间十分短暂,在肝、脾、肾、肺居留时间最长只有1—2天;(2)不同时间剖杀试验鸡均末能从胸腺、胰、脑、法氏囊和心血等材料中分离到接种菌;(3)不同佐剂处理的活菌液在注射居留时间,以油佐剂的6—8天为最长,其次是铝胶佐剂的5天,不加任何佐剂的马丁汤稀释菌液在局部居留时间最短,只有1—2天。     

鸡大肠杆菌病超微结构病理的研究

用Ｏ１血清型大肠杆菌制备负染样品和扫描电镜样品，并对ＡＡ鸡气管接种上述大肠杆菌后２４小时扑杀取心，肝，气管，肺，肠作透射电镜样品。在透射电镜和扫描电镜下，大肠杆菌呈杆状，两端略呈圆形，内膜为细胞膜，外有细胞壁，周身有较密的菌毛，两端或侧端有细长的波浪形鞭毛，通过细胞膜附着于菌体的胞浆中。在人工感染鸡的心，肝，气管，肺，肠等组织胞浆中都能看到大肠杆菌或在自噬空泡中有降解的大肠杆菌残骸，其中以肺脏的变     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定

本文以潍坊地区送检的病鸡为研究对象,通过鸡胚接种、细菌分离、培养特性、染色特性、生化试验和动物回归实验进行病原的分离与鉴定。结果发现,鸡胚接种后96h内不出现死亡,尿囊液清亮、无血凝性。分离到的细菌为革兰氏阴性小杆菌,经生化鉴定为大肠杆菌。将该分离菌株攻毒30日龄试验鸡,16h内全部死亡,并重新分离出大肠杆菌。这些实验证明本病的病原为致病性大肠杆菌。药敏试验显示分离菌对新霉素、氯霉素、氟哌酸、红霉素、氧氟沙星较为敏感。     

腺胃病变型鸡传染性支气管炎病毒强毒株的培育

用腺胃病变形鸡传染性支气管炎病毒分离株IBV－D971株接种1日龄SPF鸡，连续传10年代，培育出了腺胃病变型鸡传染性支气管炎强毒株IBV－D971J株。IBV－D971J10对SPF鸡胚的致病力为10^-6.45ELD50/0.2mL,对1日龄SPF鸡的致病力为10^-1.5LD50/1mL，从死亡鸡的心，肝，脾，肺，肾，腺胃，肌胃，法氏囊等均能分离到IBV，IBV－D971J10不含鸡新城疫，禽流感，鸡马立克氏病，鸡传染性法氏囊炎，网状内皮组绢增殖病等外源病毒，对SPF鸡可引起典型的腺胃炎，肌胃炎，间质性肾炎等是变化。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.