苍溪县猕猴桃产业可持续发展的探索与思考

地处四川盆地北缘的四川省苍溪县充分利用优越的自然优势,大力发展红肉猕猴桃,产品特色优势明显,在国内外引起了巨大反响。目前苍溪县猕猴桃产业发展还面临规模小、商品率低、品种单一、品种储备和保护乏力等问题,需要未雨绸缪,科学分析,根据"海拔+坡向"合理布局,采取"固守高端,远近结合"的市场营销策略,坚持走"红肉+软枣"的发展方向,依托科技,实施源头创新战略,促进苍溪县猕猴桃产业可持续发展。     

红肉猕猴桃整形修剪技术

红肉猕猴桃果肉颜色独特、品质佳、效益显著,但因其树势较弱,抗性较差,种植技术要求较高。本文分析了当前红肉猕猴桃整形修剪中存在的主要问题,总结了不同树形结构的特点,阐述了常用树形的整形修剪技术,以期为红肉猕猴桃的整形修剪提供参考。     

新西兰:红肉猕猴桃育种进展顺利

在猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病（Psa）严重影响了新西兰猕猴桃进出口公司Zespri植物和食品研究的红色猕猴桃育种计划后,具有独特味道的新型红肉猕猴桃终于要步入商业化种植了.在新西兰Psa暴发以来,育种者在选育Psa抗性的红肉猕猴桃品种方面已经取得了显著进展,目前已经进行到品种测试的晚期.     

国际短波

新西兰选育出红肉苹果新品种据新西兰园艺研究所报道,目前该所已经选育出红肉苹果新品种。该品种从果皮到果核都是红色的,抗氧化物含量丰富。五六年后,该新品种的苗木将实现大批量生产;8￣10年后红肉苹果品种将大批量上市。1996年新西兰园艺研究所公布了金色猕猴桃新品种,果肉金黄色,该品种很快在国际贸易中取得了显著成绩,即使在水果市场低迷时期,金色猕猴桃售价仍然居高不下。新西兰Pipfruit公司主席认为,红肉苹果新品种的面世,其意义将与金色猕猴桃一样重大。在新西兰苹果连续两年亏损的情况下,新品种的面世如同黑暗中的一缕阳光,让种植…     

果甜,景美,居安,百姓乐——重庆市级美丽乡村万州区铁峰乡桐元村侧记

[导读]农业部发布了中国＂美丽乡村＂十大创建模式,归纳出了产业发展型、生态保护型、城郊集约型、社会综治型、文化传承型、休闲旅游型等模式。作为产业发展型的重庆市万州区铁峰乡桐元村,以特色红肉猕猴桃产业闻名,通过＂美丽乡村＂建设项目的实施,当地农村经济得到了快速发展,民风、村貌也得到了彻底改观。     

关于引种红阳猕猴桃的几点建议

红阳猕猴桃是四川省苍溪县科研部门从野生中华猕猴桃中选育出的红肉型特早熟新品系 ,近几年广大地区种植者竞相引种。笔者认为 ,红阳猕猴桃品质虽优 ,但对种植环境和管理水平要求较高 ,引种要慎重。1　红阳猕猴桃属中华系品种 ,特点是软毛、早熟、耐旱、耐寒 ,抗风能力比美味系品种略差。引种要分地区 ,原则上黄河以北地区不宜引种 ;长江中上游、南方地区适宜生长 ,果实品质好。2　红阳猕猴桃属红肉型新品系 ,果肉红色素成分含量高 ,口味纯甜、香 ,栽培管理须严格按技术要求操作 ,才能获得理想的商品鲜果 ,也才能获得良好的经济效益。3　红…     

猕猴桃产业现状与发展对策分析

在全球猕猴桃产业处于快速发展时期,本文通过阐述全球猕猴桃产、供、销的现状及国外猕猴桃产业化模式成功举措和借鉴意义,结合国内猕猴桃发展优势与存在的问题进行分析,包括优良品种的选育工作不足、生产区划与科学规划不足、果品缺乏规范化采摘及措施等产业发展中存在的问题,提出了推动我国猕猴桃产业发展的建议。     

中国红肉猕猴桃的种质资源调研工作初见成效

据《园艺学报》2013年第5期《红肉猕猴桃种质资源果实性状及AFLP遗传多样性分析》(作者岁立云等)报道,对中国红肉猕猴桃种质资源进行收集和调查,并对其进行果实性状变异分析和AFLP遗传多样性及遗传关系分析。红肉猕猴桃野生资源主要分布于湖南省、湖北省、河南省、江西省、四川省和陕西省等地,共采集到52份野生资源和2份品种资源,每份材料采集成熟叶片2~3片,硅胶干燥保存备用,每份材料收集10~20个成熟果实进行果实性状分析。     

广西猕猴桃发展存在问题及优质高效栽培技术

【目的】总结国内外猕猴桃先进的栽培技术，为广西发展优质高效猕猴桃提供技术支撑。【方法】分析广西目前猕猴桃栽培技术上存在的问题，借鉴国内外猕猴桃先进的栽培技术经验，有针对性提出广西发展优质高效猕猴桃栽培技术上需要改进的技术措施。【结果】广西桂西北低纬度高海拔山区野生猕猴桃资源丰富，但人工栽培历史较短，产业发展基础较薄弱。与国外的新西兰等国家，国内的陕西、四川相比，栽培技术仍处于比较落后阶段，本文简述了广西桂西、桂北山区环境条件的猕猴桃分布及栽培现状，结合当地实际情况提出了猕猴桃优质高效栽培管理技术。【建议】在广西桂西、桂北山区发展猕猴桃产业，将会改善桂西北山区生态环境和促使桂西、桂北贫困山区农民快速脱贫致富。     

抢抓机遇 发挥优势 快速发展——城固县猕猴桃产业发展的现状与思考

陕西省城固县素有"秦巴聚宝盆""西北小江南"之美誉,具有发展猕猴桃产业得天独厚的条件。近年来,城固县抢抓产业发展机遇,猕猴桃产业得到快速发展。通过梳理城固县猕猴桃产业发展的优势,对存在的问题,笔者提出了相应的对策。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。