南阳牛mtDNA D-loop序列多态性分析

本文以3头南阳牛线粒体DNA D-loop区910bp的核苷酸序列进行了分析。结果发现，3头南阳牛D－loop区的核苷酸序列有3种单倍型。南阳牛1、2和3号D－loop区的平均核苷酸变异率分别为0.44%、4.84%和0.44%，其高变区的平均核苷酸变异率分别为0.81%、7.57%和0.00％。南阳牛1号的核苷酸变异类型只有转换一种式，南阳牛2号的核苷酸变异类型有转换、颠换、插入和缺失四种形式，南阳牛3号的核苷酸变异类型有转换和插入两种形式。在3头牛的核苷酸变异类型中，均以转换最常。说明南阳牛mtDNA D-loop区表现出丰富的核苷酸变异多态性。从线粒体D－loop区核苷酸序列的3种单倍型分析，提出南阳牛可能有两种不同的母系起源。     

中国四个地方驴品种mtDNA D-Loop部分序列分析与系统进化研究

对中国4个家驴品种95个个体的mtDNAD—loop部分序列进行测序。用clustalX软件进行同源序列比对。Dnasp4-10软件用于遗传多样性分析，计算单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度、平均核苷酸差异。MEGA3．1软件采用邻接法构建系统进化树并进行系统发生分析。以欧洲驴线粒体基因组为对照（Genbank登录号为X97337），中国家驴4个品种95个个体385bp序列共检测到核苷酸多态位点33个，其中31个位点为转换，1个位点为颠换，1个位点有插入现象。95个序列由31个单倍型组成，单倍型比例为32．6％。德州驴单倍型比例最高为100％，凉州驴单倍型比例最低为42．42％。31个单倍型与引用Genbank已登录的13条序列构建系统发育树，发现31个单倍型聚为两支，说明中国家驴可能有两个母系起源。以欧洲野驴线粒体D—loop为对照（登录号为AF403063、AF403063、AF403065），揭示本研究涉及的中国家驴品种与非洲野驴的进化亲缘关系较亚洲野驴近，并且从分子水平证明中国家驴可能起源于非洲野驴中的索马里野驴分支。     

青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性及支系组成

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法]对49头格尔木牦牛mtDNA D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,后使用DnaSP 5.10.01、Arlequin 3.11和MEGA 5.05等生物信息学软件确定其多态位点和单倍型数目,计算核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果]在截取的618 bp格尔木牦牛D-loop区分析序列中,排除1处插入(缺失)后共检测到45处多态位点,包括10处单一多态位点和35处简约信息位点;根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了18种单倍型,其中单倍型H4为优势单倍型,核苷酸多样度为0.015±0.008,单倍型多样度为0.911±0.022。与野牦牛及大通、天祝、金川等其他家牦牛品种相比,格尔木牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较高,表明该群体具有丰富的母系遗传多样性。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法(即NJ法)构建的系统发育树结果显示：格尔木牦牛群体18种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和G 5种单倍型组中,且聚为3个大的分支,提示格尔木牦牛由3个母系支系组成,拥有3个母系起源。[结论]格尔木牦牛群体具有丰...     

中国家驴mtDNA D-loop 遗传多样性与起源研究

对我国12个家驴品种126个个体（包括引用26个个体）的mtDNA D-loop区399 bp进行分析,共检测到36种单倍型37个多态位点,其单倍型多样度为0.466 7-0.977 8,核苷酸多样度为0.001 2-0.028 5,表明我国家驴的遗传多态性丰富。与3条努比亚野驴、3条索马里野驴和6条亚洲野驴的序列构建NJ系统发育树,首次证明我国家驴的母系起源为非洲野驴中的索马里驴和努比亚驴,亚洲野驴不是中国家驴的祖先。本文还讨论了我国家驴可能的迁徙路线。     

秦川牛mtDNA cyt b基因序列多态性分析

对我国秦川牛6个个体mtDNA cyt b基因1140bp序列进行了分析。结果表明：6头秦川牛的cyt b基因序列中，共检测到核苷酸多态位点19个。cyt b基因全序列突变类型只有转换。6个个体具有4种单倍型。以欧洲牛mtDNA cyt b基因全序列为标准，其中单倍型Ⅰ、单倍型Ⅱ、单倍型Ⅲ的核苷酸变异率较低，都为0．071%，而单倍型Ⅳ的核苷酸变异率较高，为1．21%。应用MEGA软件中UPGMA法构建6头秦川牛的分子进化树，结果表明秦川牛有2个母系起源即普通牛起源（单倍Ⅰ、单倍型Ⅱ和单倍型Ⅲ和瘤牛起源（单倍型Ⅳ），但是本研究发现作为中原牛之一的秦川牛受普通牛的影响比较大。     

青海省门源白牦牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及母系起源

为从分子水平上探究青海省门源白牦牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,本研究对31头门源白牦牛线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区序列进行测定和比对分析,确定其多态位点和单倍型数目,计算核苷酸多样度、单倍型多样度及平均核苷酸差异数大小,并构建系统发育树。结果表明,门源白牦牛mtDNA D-loop区序列长度为892～896bp,排除5处插入/缺失后共发现38处多态位点,包括24处单一变异位点和14处简约信息位点;依据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了13种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.901±0.030,核苷酸多样度为0.006±0.004,平均核苷酸差异数为5.17,提示门源白牦牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性。以普通牛为外群,邻接法(NJ法)构建的系统发育树结果显示,13种单倍型分为明显的2个分支,表明门源白牦牛有2个母系起源。综上所述,本研究结果表明门源白牦牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性,由2个母系遗传分支组成,具有2个母系起源。     

基于mtDNA D-loop序列分析探究青海雪多牦牛的遗传多样性及母系遗传背景

为从分子水平上探究青海雪多牦牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,对33头雪多牦牛的线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,统计计算了多态位点、单倍型数目、核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度。结果表明:在获得的636 bp D-loop序列中,排除3处插入/缺失后共检测到42处多态位点,其中单一多态位点9处,简约多态位点33处;共确定了19种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.9000±0.043,核苷酸多样度为0.01173±0.00305,表明雪多牦牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性;系统发育分析结果表明,雪多牦牛19种单倍型可分为2个支系,推测其具有2个母系起源。     

唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法] 对52头唐古拉山牦牛个体mtDNA D-loop区序列进行测定后,使用生物信息学软件分析确定其核苷酸变异位点和单倍型数目,计算单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果] 在619 bp唐古拉山牦牛D-loop区序列分析中,排除2处插入（缺失）后共检测到31处多态位点,包括单一多态位点5处和简约信息位点26处。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了13种单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.821±0.043和0.007±0.004。与我国其他18个家牦牛品种和野牦牛相比,唐古拉山牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较低,表明该群体遗传变异较为贫乏,母系遗传多样性水平较低。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法（即NJ法）构建的系统发育树结果显示：唐古拉山牦牛群体13种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和E五种单倍型组中,且聚为2个大的母系分支（即I和II）,支系Ⅰ占比为77%,提示唐古拉山牦牛由2个母系支系组成,拥有2个母系起源且以支系Ⅰ为主。 [结论] 唐古拉山牦牛母系遗传多样性水平较低,由2个母系支系组成,以支系Ⅰ为主,推测其有2个母系起源。     

西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为从分子水平上探究西藏牦牛的序列多态性、遗传多态性及其系统进化关系,对西藏15个牦牛类群150个个体的mtDNA ND6基因全序列进行了测定,确定了多态位点和单倍型数目,计算了单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi),并构建了分子聚类关系图和单倍型系统发育树。结果表明:西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6基因全序列长度均为528bp,T、C、A和G 4种碱基的平均比例分别为42.2%、7.6%、20.9%、29.3%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性。序列变异中存在转换、颠换2种核苷酸变异类型,其中转换37次,颠换2次,表现出较强的转换偏倚性。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定7种单倍型,其中Hap_1为西藏牦牛类群的主流单倍型,其余6种单倍型为部分类群所特有。平均单倍型多样性(Hd)、平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.2978、0.00191,揭示西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性较贫乏。根据遗传距离构建了分子聚类关系图,表明西藏15个牦牛类群可分为2大类;根据7种单倍型序列构建了单倍型系统发育树,表明西藏牦牛存在2个母系起源。     

泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控镀区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D—loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13．6％、43．2％、4．3％和38．9％,A＋T含量高于G＋C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0．13,没有观测到插入／缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0．250和0．695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3．750和10．833,核苷酸多样度分别为0．954％和2．757％。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima＇s D值为-1．800（P〈O．05）,不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）为2．847％,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．991％。序列群体间的方差组分（Va）占总变异的47．31％,Fst=0．473,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;群体间mtDNAD—loop Rf值也差异显著（P=0．035）。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

六个家驴品种mtDNA D—Loop部分序列的遗传多样性分析

对中国的6个家驴品种(关中驴、德州驴、庆阳驴、泌阳驴、广灵驴、晋南驴)利用PCR-SSCP技术分析了其mtDNA D-Loop部分序列的遗传多样性。87个个体共检测到19个单倍型,单倍型比例为21.8%。单倍型多样度以关中驴、晋南驴较高,分别为0.834和0.904;其次为泌阳驴和广灵驴,分别为0.629、0.529;德州驴和庆阳驴较低,分别为0.467、0.599。文章从分子水平上揭示了家驴的遗传多样性,为我国家驴品种资源的评价和利用提供了一些依据。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

Study of the Genetic Origin of the Mexican Creole Donkey (Equus asinus) by Means of the Analysis of the D-Loop Region of Mitochondrial DNA

The aim of this work was to analyse the genetic origin of the Mexican Creole donkey, as well as its genetic diversity, by comparison with Spanish and African donkey populations by means of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA. To this end, the genomic DNA of 68 Mexican Creole donkeys from eight geographical regions in six States of the Republic of México and from a Sicilian donkey was obtained. By the polymerase chain-reaction technique (PCR) a fragment of 541 bp was amplified, corresponding to the most informative region of the mitochondrial DNA, the D-loop. The fragments were subsequently sequenced. The analysed sequences revealed 10 new Mexican haplotypes that were different from those of the Spanish and African breeds with which they were compared, showing high levels of genetic diversity. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships in the different Creole varieties showed a tendency of origin towards Spanish breeds, mainly the Andaluza, Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands; these in turn showed an African origin, seven Mexican haplotypes and three haplotypes similar to those analysed by Aranguren and colleagues (2004) of Spanish and African breeds being obtained. This work allows us to reach the preliminary conclusion that the origin of Mexican Creole donkey populations in the different states of the Republic of México is clearly of Iberian origin, the Spanish donkey breed Andaluza being the main one contributing to the populations of the Mexican Creole donkeys, followed by the Spanish breeds Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands, and that the populations possess high levels of genetic diversity.     

4种鼢鼠线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析

采用PCR测序技术对采自甘肃境内的4种鼢鼠22个个体的线粒体DAND-loop区全序列进行了测定。结果表明：鼢鼠线粒体DNAD-loop序列长度为893、894、895、896或899bp,核苷酸位点突变类型有5种,即转换、颠换、插入、缺失及转换与颠换共存。碱基转换以T〈=〉C形式为主。其中T、C、A、G4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为34．1％、24．3％、30．1％、11．5％,A＋T含量（64．2％）明显高于G＋C含量（35．8％）。这4种鼢鼠22条线粒体DNAD-loop区发现20种单倍型,单倍型比例为81．82％,说明中国鼢鼠mtDNA遗传多态性很丰富。从系统发育树分析,4种鼢鼠明显聚为两类,推测鼢鼠可能有两个起源。     

Study of the genetic origin of the Mexican creole donkey (Equus asinus) by means of the analysis of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA

The aim of this work was to analyse the genetic origin of the Mexican Creole donkey, as well as its genetic diversity, by comparison with Spanish and African donkey populations by means of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA. To this end, the genomic DNA of 68 Mexican Creole donkeys from eight geographical regions in six States of the Republic of Mexico and from a Sicilian donkey was obtained. By the polymerase chain-reaction technique (PCR) a fragment of 541 bp was amplified, corresponding to the most informative region of the mitochondrial DNA, the D-loop. The fragments were subsequently sequenced. The analysed sequences revealed 10 new Mexican haplotypes that were different from those of the Spanish and African breeds with which they were compared, showing high levels of genetic diversity. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships in the different Creole varieties showed a tendency of origin towards Spanish breeds, mainly the Andaluza, Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands; these in turn showed an African origin, seven Mexican haplotypes and three haplotypes similar to those analysed by Aranguren and colleagues (2004) of Spanish and African breeds being obtained. This work allows us to reach the preliminary conclusion that the origin of Mexican Creole donkey populations in the different states of the Republic of Mexico is clearly of Iberian origin, the Spanish donkey breed Andaluza being the main one contributing to the populations of the Mexican Creole donkeys, followed by the Spanish breeds Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands, and that the populations possess high levels of genetic diversity.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Shaanxi Moschus berezovskii Based on mtDNA Cytb Gene and D-loop Region Sequence

【Objective】 This study was aimed to explore the genetic diversity of Shaanxi Moschus berezovskii population,and understand the genetic information of Moschus berezovskii.【Method】 The hair of Moschus berezovskii was collected to extract DNA,the mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) cytochrome b(Cytb) gene and D-loop sequences of 43 Moschus berezovskii individuals were determined,and the base composition was counted.All sequences were integrated and compared using ClustalX 2.0 software to obtain nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) in the population.The nucleotide diversity (Pi),number of haplotype (H),haplotype diversity (Hd) and average number of nucleotide differences (K) were calculated by DNASP 5.10 software.The genetic distance among different haplotypes of Cytb gene and D-loop sequences was calculated by Mega 7.0 software,and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was constructed.【Result】 The AT content of Cytb gene and D-loop region were higher than GC content,indicating there was bias in base composition.There were 241 and 383 SNPs of Cytb gene and D-loop region,respectively.The nucleotide diversity of Cytb gene and D-loop region were 0.28343 and 0.07707,and the haplotype diversity was 0.983 and 0.975,respectively,indicating that the population genetic diversity was rich.The genetic distances of 35 haplotypes of Cytb gene ranged from 0.002 to 0.831,and 29 haplotypes of D-loop region ranged from 0.006 to 1.342.The phylogenetic tree showed that there were two mitochondrial lineages,indicating that there were two mitochondrial maternal origins.The evolutionary analysis of D-loop region also supported this conclusion.【Conclusion】 The nucleotide diversity and haplotype diversity of Moschus berezovskii population were high,and the genetic diversity was rich.At the same time further supported the view of Moschus berezovskii and Moshus moschiferus belonged to a branch of the view.     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区序列分析中国及新西兰奶山羊遗传进化关系

[目的]分析我国地方培育奶山羊品种与国外引进品种的遗传进化关系。[方法]以4个国内奶山羊品种（文登奶山羊、关中奶山羊、崂山奶山羊、雅安奶山羊）和3个新西兰引进奶山羊品种（阿尔卑斯奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、萨能奶山羊）为研究对象,采集33只个体的外周血样本,提取血液基因组DNA,利用PCR法扩增线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）D-loop区全长序列,对测序获得的序列进行生物信息学分析,探究不同奶山羊品种的遗传多样性及进化关系。[结果]7个品种奶山羊的mtDNA D-loop区中A、T碱基含量高于G、C碱基含量。共检测到82个多态位点,25个单一多态位点,55个简约信息位点。各品种单倍型多样度（Hd）范围为0.905~1.000,核苷酸多样度（Pi）范围为0.001 51~0.013 32;共存在26种单倍型,文登奶山羊和萨能奶山羊各有5个单倍型,阿尔卑斯奶山羊有4个单倍型,崂山奶山羊、吐根堡奶山羊、关中奶山羊、雅安奶山羊各有3个单倍型;各品种核苷酸平均差异数（K_XY）范围为6.400 00~38.450 00,核苷酸歧异度（D_XY）范围为0.005 79~0.034 76,遗传分化系数（G_ST）范围为0.000 00~0.186 05,遗传分化指数（F_ST）范围为0.231 56~0.971 52。品种间系统发育树表明,文登奶山羊和崂山奶山羊聚为一支;关中奶山羊与3种新西兰奶山羊遗传距离较近,从遗传学角度证实了关中奶山羊由国外奶山羊与地方品种经杂交选育而成;雅安奶山羊与其他品种遗传距离最远。[结论]中国奶山羊存在2个支系起源且未发现群体扩张;中国培育奶山羊品种含有较多的国外奶山羊血统;文登奶山羊与崂山奶山羊亲缘关系较近,雅安奶山羊在遗传进化中可能存在地域隔离。     

不同类型肉鸡线粒体单倍型与遗传起源研究

旨在探讨鸡线粒体D-loop区单倍型特性以及与生长速度的相关性,并分析其遗传起源。选取不同类型肉鸡品种（配套系）6个,测定其生产性能,并对6个群体共计314个个体线粒体D-loop区全长进行测序,分析其单倍型特性;同时与不同红色原鸡亚种进行聚类,分析其母系起源。结果显示,6个群体D-loop区全序列共检测到37个突变位点,构成40种单倍型,分为A、B、C和E 4个单倍型群,其中AA肉鸡、罗斯308、禽雁麻鸡和裕禾1号肉鸡主要为E单倍型,占比分别为85.92%、50.00%、100.00%和70.21%;园丰麻鸡2号和港丰瑶黑麻鸡E单倍型占比相对较低,分别为15.00%和22.39%,园丰麻鸡2号B单倍型含量最高,占比66.67%,港丰瑶黑麻鸡C单倍型含量最高,占比40.30%。相关性分析显示,初生重与E单倍型比例之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与A、B和C单倍型比例之间均呈负相关;E单倍型比例与公母平均体重约1.8 kg时日龄之间呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,而与公母平均体重约1.8 kg时饲料转化比之间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。聚类分析显示,A、B单倍型所有个体均与原鸡滇南亚种聚为一枝;E单倍型所有个体均与原鸡印度亚种聚为一枝;C单倍型所有个体与原鸡印度亚种、滇南亚种、指名亚种以及印尼亚种交叉聚为一类。结果提示,线粒体单倍型与肉鸡生长速度之间相关显著,E单倍型与肉鸡生长速度具有较强的正相关;我国家鸡群体母系起源丰富,但主要起源于原鸡滇南亚种。     

A Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region in Four High Quality Chicken Breeds

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region in Qingyuan partridge chicken group 1,Qingyuan partridge chicken group 2,Yangshan chicken and Qingyuan Yellow feather black-bone chicken.The specific primers were designed according to mtDNA D-loop region of Gullus gullus spadiceus (accession No.:NC_007235.1) in GenBank.The sequence was analyzed after PCR amplification and sequencing,and the haplotype number,polymorphism number,haplotype diversity,nucleotide diversity and nucleotide mean difference were counted.The evolution divergence among breeds was calculated by Mega 5.10 software,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of mtDNA D-loop region in four high quality chicken breeds was 591 bp,and 549 bp were used for subsequent analysis.The content of A,T,C and G were 27.2% to 27.3%,30.1% to 30.4%,29.5% to 29.8% and 12.8% to 12.9%,respectively,and the average content of G+C was 42.5%.There were 92 polymorphic sites which contained 14 singleton variable sites and 78 parsimony informative sites,and the percentage of transitions and transversions were 89.13% (82/92) and 10.87% (10/92),respectively.The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.682 to 0.835,and the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.00849 to 0.01167.There were 32 haplotypes in all sequences,which could be divided into clades A,B,C and E,however,most of the individuals belonged to clades B (51.2%) and E (37.6%).The phylogenetic tree results showed that four high quality chicken breeds could be classified as 4 branches which were consistent with the haplotypes classification results.The results indicated that the four high quality chicken populations from Qingyuan had relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversity and likely shared two or more common maternal lineages.