用检测牛乳或血清中抗体的方法普查片形吸虫病

将大片形吸虫分泌排泄产物作为诊断抗原，应用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫胶体金滴渗法检测牛乳和血清中出现的特异性抗体。测５４头粪便中查出虫卵的牛的乳汁和血清，结果全部呈阳性，符合率１００％。４６头粪检阴笥的牛，检测出２４头牛抗体阳性、提高检出率２４％。这表明，用检测牛乳中抗体的方法诊断片形吸虫感染同检测血清一样具有敏感性高、特异性强、准确性可靠等优点。另外，将待检材料牛乳或血清按１０个一组混合检测，感     

两种片形吸虫感染家兔的试验比较

用大片形吸虫和肝片形吸虫感染家兔以便选择大片形吸虫对动物的最佳感染量，及明确号肝片形吸虫和大片形吸虫的生物学和对动物宿主的致病力的差别。结果显示肝片形吸虫虫体在兔体内发育成熟的时间早于大片形吸虫．感染成活率更高，对动物的病理损害明显比感染大片形吸虫兔的病变要轻。本试验证实这两种片形吸虫除了形态学的差异外，在对动物致病力、病理损害等万面确实存在差别。     

两种片形吸虫感染家兔的试验比较

用大片形吸虫和肝片形吸虫感染家兔以便选择大片形吸虫对动物的最佳感染量,及明确肝片形吸虫和大片形吸虫的生物学和对动物宿主的致病力的差别。结果显示肝片形吸虫虫体在兔体内发育成熟的时间早于大片形吸虫,感染成活率更高,对动物的病理损害明显比感染大片形吸虫兔的病变要轻。本试验证实这两种片形吸虫除了形态学的差异外,在对动物致病力、病理损害等方面确实存在差别。     

大片形吸虫免疫胶体金检测试纸条的研制及初步应用

为建立一种快速、简便、适应现场应用的水牛大片形吸虫检测方法,本试验利用抗大片形吸虫ES抗原单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株7D1和7D4分别制备和纯化得到单克隆抗体7D1和7D4;采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备颗粒大小为30 nm的胶体金,再用胶体金标记纯化单克隆抗体7D1,在硝酸纤维素膜的质控带和检测带处分别包被羊抗鼠IgG二抗和单克隆抗体7D4,经反应条件优化,组装成了大片形吸虫免疫检测试纸条。经测试该检测试纸条对ES抗原的检测下限为0.94 μg/mL,与胰扩盘吸虫、前后盘吸虫、支原体、弓形虫、伊氏锥虫均无交叉反应,特异性好。采集广西地区334份水牛新鲜粪样并用试纸条检测,阳性率为38.62%。结果表明,试纸条方法操作简单、快速、易于判定,特异性好,敏感性高,适合基层大面积普查和现场检测大片形吸虫。     

片形吸虫第一内转录间隔区DNA多态性的研究

以不同地区的片形吸虫虫株为研究对象，经PCR扩增出了ITS-1部分基因片段，采用单链构象多态性(SSCP)方法，并结合序列分析研究了不同地区片形吸虫ITS-1 DNA的多态性。不同地区的样品经SSCP分析，显示3种带型，第1种为大片形吸虫的带型，第2种为肝片形吸虫的带型，第3种为2种带形的混合带型。广西区样品和大部分贵州省样品属于大片形吸虫带型；四川省、黑龙江省和部分贵州省样品为混合带型；南京市和甘肃省样品为肝片形吸虫带型或混合带型。测序结果表明，根据ITS-1基因的序列变异位点可区分2种片形吸虫；表现为混合带型的样品在变异位点具有多态性。本研究结果显示，ITS-1片段可作为遗传标记用以区分大片形吸虫和肝片形吸虫，同时也证实，在我国除了这2种片形吸虫外，还可能存在着“中间型”的片形吸虫。     

一例羊肝片形吸虫病的诊治报告

肝片形吸虫病是由肝片形吸虫及大片形吸虫引起，主要发生于反刍动物。其它哺乳动物和人也可感染，是危害养牛、养羊业的一种重要的寄生虫病。该病原是一类大型吸虫，肝片形吸虫长20～30mm，宽8～10mm，红褐色，呈扁平的叶片状，虫体肩部宽而明显；大片形吸虫长25～75mm，宽5～12mm，肩部不明显，后端钝圆。     

两种片形吸虫感染山羊的对比试验

片形吸虫病是在全球范围广泛流行，并对人有一定危害的寄生虫病。在大部分地区该病病原为肝片形吸虫（Fasciola hepatica），非洲、亚洲的热带地区是大片形吸虫（F．gigantica）。据本地的资料和以往的研究显示，广西主要是大片形吸虫。由于国内外对肝片形吸虫的研究较多，对大片形吸虫的研究较少，使得国内一些研究未能注意到这两个种的虫在对动物的致病性及其所引起的免疫反应等方面的差别。     

不同方法及材料检测大片吸虫感染的比较试验

为片形吸虫病诊断提供高效、简便的新技术，以大片吸虫分泌排泄抗原（ES抗原），用于斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Dot－ELISA）、琼脂扩散酶联免疫吸附试验（Dig－ELISA）、免疫胶体金滴渗法（DIGFA）检测动物体内的大片吸虫（Fasciolagigantica）感染。通过检测血清、血纸、牛奶等几种材料，多重试验比较，结果三种方法均具有敏感性高、特异性强、准确性可靠等优点，并各有特长，如操作简便快速、费用低廉，易于在基层推广应用等，同时证明用血纸和牛奶检测抗体效果同样可靠。本试验首次报道用Dot－ELISA、DIGFA在奶中检测片形吸虫抗体，为该寄生虫病普查提供一种新思路。     

德宏州山区羊肝片吸虫病流行规律及诊治

羊肝片吸虫病称为肝蛭病，是由片形科、片形属的肝片形吸虫（Fasciola hepatica）或大片形吸虫（Fasciola gigantica）引起，据1992年疫病调查在德宏州主要是肝片形吸虫。成虫寄生于牛、羊等多种动物的肝脏胆管内。幼虫在肝实质内移行，通过胆管，引起肝组织的损伤和大量出血；由于成虫阻塞胆道，可引起胆汁停滞、积贮，使局部实质病变；血液出现胆红素，甚至发生黄疽等症状。本病对羊危害极大，尤其对羔羊危害更为剧烈。     

RAPD与形态学对片形吸虫种类鉴别的比较研究

通过形态学特征观察与随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术，对国内外8株片形吸虫（Fasciola)作比较鉴别。形态典型的6株肝片形吸虫（F.hepatica)和1株大片形吸虫（F.gigantica)两种方法结果。南京的1株不典型虫种（F.sp)，其形态特征类似日本中间种／印度片形吸虫（F.indica),RAPD检测则与大片形吸虫聚类，差异仅0．255，亲缘于大片形吸虫，是一株形态不典型的大片形吸虫。比较表明，形态学方法能简单易行正确地判定典型片形吸虫，但难以识别中间种或亲缘种；RAPD技术则从分子遗传变异水平上鉴别虫种，有利于对中间种或亲缘种的识别及新种的发现，两者具有相互不可替代的相辅相成作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.