微量元素铜的研究综述

微量元素铜是动物生长所必需的重要微量元素之一,它在动物的生产性能、机体抗氧化及基因表达等方面起着重要作用.本文就铜的代谢、生理功能和营养标示等方面的研究近况作一综述.     

日粮中铜含量对肉鸡生长性能的影响

铜是动物营养所必需的微量元素之一,铜参与构成动物体内多种重要酶并影响一些酶的活性,作为金属酶（细胞色素氧化酶、尿酸氧化酶、氨基酸氧化酶、酪氨酸酶、铜蓝蛋白酶等许多种）的组成成分,直接参与机体代谢。铜在维持铁的正常代谢,促进血红蛋白的合成和红细胞的成熟以及参与骨骼的合成等方面起着较为重要的作用;另外铜在机体造血、维持生产性能、增强机体抵抗力等方面有不可替代的作用。     

绵羊铜中毒的病例报告

铜中毒是动物因摄入过量的铜而发生的以腹痛、腹泻、肝功能异常和贫血为特征的中毒性疾病.铜作为生物机体必需的微量元素之一,对机体的生理功能和生长发育起着重要的作用.机体摄入过量的铜,易引起铜在体内的大量蓄积,而导致铜中毒.单胃动物对铜有较大的耐受量,而反刍兽常发生铜中毒,其中以绵羊最为易感.现介绍一起绵羊铜中毒性疾病.     

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<正>铜是动物所必需的微量元素之一,实践研究表明,铜在养殖业中具有以下重要作用:一是铜参与机体的造血功能;二是铜参与血管组织和骨骼的形成,维持血管的正常弹性和骨骼强度;三是铜调控黑色素的合成,维持毛皮的正常色泽和形状;四是铜对维持动物正常的妊娠过程、繁殖率和鸡蛋的孵化率都有影响;五是铜作为动物机体必需的微量元素,在调节机体的免疫力方面起着重要作用,它对     

微量元素铜的分布与营养生理作用

铜是家畜动物（羊、牛、猪等）所必需的微量元素之一,在机体造血、新陈代谢、生长繁殖、维持生产性能、增强机体抵抗力方面有不可替代的作用,铜缺乏可引发多种动物疾病。日粮中添加高铜（125—250mg／kg）可明显提高猪的生产性能,但铜代谢后90％由粪便排出,导致环境污染,有些国家已限用高铜。为了提高畜禽对微量元素的吸收利用率,合理有效的使用铜促生长剂,减少环境污染,下面对有关铜的分布、营养生理作用做一简单的叙述。     

缺铜对畜禽机体的影响

铜是畜禽所必需的微量元素之一.铜在畜禽机体造血、新陈代谢、生长繁殖、维持正常生产性能、增强机体抵抗力等方面有不可代替的重要作用.近年来,对铜代谢和疾病的关系进行了深入的研究,发现铜缺乏可引起多种动物多种疾病,现就饲料中缺铜对畜禽机体的影响,作一浅述.1 引起饲料铜缺乏的因素     

日粮中不同铜源及添加水平对产蛋鸡生产性能及蛋黄胆固醇含量的影响

高铜(硫酸铜)能降低肉鸡血浆和肌肉中胆固醇的含量.在其他动物上的研究也表明,缺铜引起的高胆固醇血症是一个与动物种类无关的普遍现象,缺铜时机体的胆固醇合成以及组织沉积均增加.     

有机铜在动物营养中的应用研究

动物饲粮中添加铜制剂能有效地提高动物生长发育和生产性能,增强抗病力、免疫力,改善动物产品质量.但无机铜制剂对动物机体的危害和对环境的污染也不容忽视.笔者通过对无机铜和有机铜的作用机制、吸收利用情况、营养作用及对环境污染等方面的对比,阐述了有机铜是理想的动物铜添加剂,同时指出有机铜作为新型动物饲粮添加剂存在的问题和今后研究的方向.     

有机铜在养猪生产中的研究应用

铜是动物机体的必需微量元素之一,具有促进动物生长、增强免疫功能、改善肤色毛况、提高繁殖性能等营养生理作用.综述有机铜在养猪生产中的研究应用.     

水产动物中铜的营养作用及研究进展

大量研究表明,铜是鱼类生命所必需的矿物元素之一。适量的铜有利于维持水产动物体内环境的稳定和机体的平衡,在机体造血、生长繁殖、维持生产性能、提高机体免疫力等方面具有重要的作用。然而过少或过量摄食铜都会导致水产动物机体功能的紊乱,从而引发疾病。本文仅对矿物元素铜在水产动物体内的营养作用和研究进展做一综述,以供参考。     

羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量的测定

分别用PAN、二甲酚橙、紫脲酸铵作为指示剂,研究了EDTA配位滴定法测定羟基蛋氨酸铜螯合物中铜含量的方法,标准偏差均小于0.2%,相对标准偏差小于0.6%。结果表明,EDTA配位滴定法测定羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量,操作过程简单、方便,分析结果重现性好、准确度高,且三种指示剂均可用于铜的测定,其中紫脲酸铵最好,终点变色敏锐。本法可用于不同工艺所合成的羟基蛋氨酸铜中铜含量的测定。     

Copper status of ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate or copper proteinate

The Cu status of mature, crossbred ewes fed two sources (CuSO4 vs. Cu proteinate) and three levels (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) of dietary Cu was determined in a 73-d feeding trial. Ewes (n = 30) were fed a basal diet containing rice meal feed, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, cracked corn, and vitamin-mineral supplements at 2.5% of BW to meet NRC requirements for protein, energy, macrominerals, and microminerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5 mg/kg Cu, 113 mg/kg Fe, .1 mg/kg Mo, and .17% S. Copper sulfate or Cu proteinate was added to the basal diet to supply 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg of dietary copper in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Ewes were housed in 3.7- x 9.1-m pens in an open-sided barn. Blood samples were collected on d 28 and 73. Ewes were slaughtered on d 74, and liver and other tissues were collected to determine Cu concentrations. An interaction (P = .08) occurred between source and level for liver Cu. The interaction existed due to an increase in liver Cu concentrations when ewes were fed increasing dietary Cu from CuSO4 but not when fed Cu proteinate diets. There was no source x level interaction (P>.10) for the blood constituents measured. On d 73, plasma ceruloplasmin activity was greater (P<.05) in ewes fed Cu proteinate than in those fed CuSO4 (33.1 vs. 26.8 microM x min(-1) x L(-1)). Increasing the concentration of dietary Cu did not affect (P>.10) plasma ceruloplasmin. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count, whole blood hemoglobin (wHb), plasma hemoglobin, and plasma Cu were similar between sources of Cu. Ewes fed 20 mg/kg Cu had lower (P<.05) PCV, RBC, and wHb than those fed 10 or 30 mg/kg Cu diets. Feeding up to 30 mg/kg Cu from these sources did not cause an observable Cu toxicity during the 73-d period.     

Predicting copper status in beef cattle using serum copper concentrations

Copper deficiency is common in pasture-fed cattle in New Zealand⁽¹⁾. In general, the diagnosis of copper deficiency in a herd of cattle is based on a combination of history, examination of animals, examination of the environment, chemical analysis of blood, liver or pasture, and treatment response trials. The laboratory diagnosis of copper deficiency is currently based on liver and either plasma or serum concentrations of copper. Ellison⁽²⁾ reviewed the copper reference range for cattle used by the animal health laboratories in New Zealand and concluded that there is strong agreement in the literature that serum copper concentrations greater than 7.9 𝛍mol/l and liver copper concentrations greater than 95 𝛍mol/kg are adequate for young cattle. Furthermore, it has been reported that if copper concentrations in the liver are greater than 150–200 𝛍mol/kg wet weight, there is a negligible increase in serum copper as liver concentrations increase further⁽²⁾, with individual animal variation accounting for the range of values in serum copper at this point (7.9–18 𝛍mol/l).     

Iatrogenic copper deficiency associated with long-term copper chelation for treatment of copper storage disease in a Bedlington Terrier

A 9-year-old Bedlington Terrier was evaluated because of weight loss, inappetence, and hematemesis. Copper storage disease had been diagnosed previously on the basis of high hepatic copper concentration. Treatment had included dietary copper restriction and administration of trientine for chelation of copper. A CBC revealed microcytic hypochromic anemia. High serum activities of liver enzymes, high bile acid concentrations, and low BUN and albumin concentrations were detected. Vomiting resolved temporarily with treatment, but the clinicopathologic abnormalities persisted. Results of transcolonic portal scintigraphy suggested an abnormal shunt fraction. Results of liver biopsy and copper quantification revealed glycogen accumulation and extremely low hepatic copper concentration. Serum and hair copper concentrations were also low. Chelation and dietary copper restriction were tapered and discontinued. Clinical signs and all clinicopathologic abnormalities improved during a period of several months.     

Effects of copper oxide bolus administration or high-level copper supplementation on forage utilization and copper status in beef cattle

Two experiments were conducted to study effects of high-level Cu supplementation on measures of Cu status and forage utilization in beef cattle. In Exp. 1, eight steers randomly received an intraruminal bolus containing 12.5 g of CuO needles (n = 4) or no bolus (n = 4). Steers were individually offered free-choice ground limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) hay. On d 12 (Period 1) and d 33 (Period 2) steers were placed in metabolism crates, and total forage refused and feces produced were collected for 7 d. Daily samples of forage offered and refused and of feces excreted for each steer within period were analyzed for DM, ash, NDF, ADF, and CP. Liver biopsies were collected on d 0, 12, and 33. Copper oxide bolus administration resulted in greater (P < 0.03) liver Cu (DM basis) accumulation in Period 1 (556 vs. 296 mg/kg) and Period 2 (640 vs. 327 ppm). Apparent digestibilities of NDF and CP were greater (P < 0.04) for steers receiving no bolus in Period 2 (62.2 vs. 57.1% and 50.2 vs. 43.4% for NDF and CP digestibility, respectively). In Exp. 2, 24 crossbred heifers were assigned to individual pens and received a molasses-cottonseed meal supplement fortified with 0, 15, 60, or 120 ppm of supplemental Cu (Cu sulfate; six pens per treatment). All heifers were offered free-choice access to ground stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay. Heifer BW and liver biopsies were collected on d 0, 42, and 84. Forage refusal was determined daily, and diet DM digestibility was estimated over a 21-d period beginning on d 42. Heifers consuming 120 ppm of supplemental Cu gained less (P < 0.05; 0.04 kg/d) than heifers consuming 15 (0.19 kg/d) and 60 ppm of Cu (0.22 kg/d), but their ADG did not differ from that by heifers consuming no supplemental Cu (0.14 kg/d; pooled SEM = 0.07). Heifers supplemented with 15 ppm of Cu had greater (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations on d 84 than those on the 0-ppm treatment and the high-Cu treatments (60 and 120 ppm). Forage intake was less (P = 0.07) by heifers receiving no supplemental Cu than by heifers on all other treatments (6.6 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.37 kg/d). Apparent forage digestibility was not affected by Cu treatment. These data suggest that high rates of Cu supplementation (Cu sulfate; > 60 ppm of total Cu) resulted in less liver Cu accumulation by beef heifers compared with heifers consuming diets supplemented with moderate dietary Cu concentrations (i.e., 15 ppm). As well, the administration of CuO boluses might depress the digestibility of forage nutrient fractions in steers.     

Comparison of copper heptonate with copper oxide wire particles as copper supplements for sheep on pasture of high molybdenum content

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of intramuscular injection of copper heptonate (CuHep) and an oral dose of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in preventing Cu inadequacy in adult and young sheep on pasture of high Mo content. DESIGN: Field experiments with flocks of mature Merino wethers and crossbred weaners. PROCEDURE: Adult wethers were given 25 or 37.5 mg Cu as CuHep, 2.5 g COWP or no Cu treatment. The weaners were given 12.5 or 25 mg Cu as CuHep, 1.25 g COWP or no Cu treatment. At intervals over the next 12 (adults) or 8 (weaners) months the sheep were weighed and samples of blood and liver were collected for trace element assay. Wool samples collected from the adults at the end of the experiment were assessed for physical characteristics. RESULTS: The higher dosage of CuHep raised liver Cu above control group values for at least 9 months in adults and 3 months in weaners. The lower dosage of CuHep was similarly effective for 3 months in adults but was without effect in weaners. In adults the response to COWP matched that to the higher dosage of CuHep; in weaners it was greater, lasting at least 5 months. No changes indicative of Cu deficiency, apart from a depressed body weight in adults, were seen. CONCLUSIONS: In sheep on pasture of high Mo content a single intramuscular injection of CuHep providing 37.5 mg Cu to adults or 25 mg Cu to weaners will raise liver Cu reserves for at least 9 and 3 months respectively and may be an acceptable alternative to COWP for preventing seasonal Cu deficiency in sheep in southern Australia.