HPLC法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素及利巴韦林可溶性粉含量

采用CLC—ODSC18色谱柱,乙腈—0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾(20∶80)为流动相,检测波长为207nm,HPLC外标法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素、利巴韦林可溶性粉中酒石酸泰乐菌素和利巴韦林含量,该法分离度大,专属性强,重复性好。     

HPLC法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素及利巴韦林可溶性粉含量

采用CLC－ODSC18色谱柱，乙腈－0．05mol/L磷酸二氢钾（20：80）为流动相，检测波长为207nm，HPLC外标法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素、利巴韦林可溶性粉中酒石酸泰乐菌素和利巴韦林含量，该法分离度大，专属性强，重复性好。     

孔雀石绿双波长叠加共振光散射光谱法测定酒石酸泰乐菌素含量

为了快速检测酒石酸泰乐菌素的含量,在pH值6.6 Clark-Lubs缓冲溶液条件下,孔雀石绿因构筑超分子聚集体而产生强力的共振光散射,酒石酸泰乐菌素能够与孔雀石绿阳离子发生反应,导致孔雀石绿所构筑的超分子聚集体分解,明显减弱了体系共振光散射强度,其最大的检测波长位于285 nm和332 nm。由于共振光强度(I)具有加和性,故将两个波长叠加来进行测定。酒石酸泰乐菌素的线性范围为0.2～0.6 mg/L,线性回归方程为I_RLS=5 299C-766.4,相关系数(R)为0.999 8,检测限为0.004 1 mg/L。研究表明,所建立的方法具备操作简便和灵敏度高等特点,可用于酒石酸泰乐菌素含量的测定。     

酒石酸泰乐菌素残留蛋白质检验方法的建立

酒石酸泰乐菌素是我国目前常用的一种兽用大环内酯类抗生素[1],亦称泰农、泰乐霉素,可由放线菌属弗氏链霉菌经发酵提取而得到,有泰乐菌素碱、磷酸盐和酒石酸盐3种形态。本文建立的酒石酸泰乐菌素残留蛋白质的检验方法适用于酒石酸泰乐菌素残留蛋白质的限度检测[9]。分析验证表明该方法准确、可靠,重复性好,可用于控制酒石酸泰乐菌素中残留蛋白质的检测。     

泰乐菌素的特点及应用

泰乐菌素是美国于1959年从弗氏链霉菌的培养液中获得的大环内酯类抗生素。该药为白色板状结晶,微溶于水,呈碱性。其产品有酒石酸盐、磷酸盐、盐酸盐、硫酸盐及乳酸盐,易溶于水。水溶液在25℃、pH值5．5-7．5时可保留3个月,但是若水溶液中含有铁、铜金属离子时,会使本品失效。我国于1994年建成工业化泰乐菌素生产线,其产品酒石酸泰乐菌素、     

超高效液相色谱―串联质谱法检测猪肝中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留

本研究建立了猪肝中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留的超高效液相色谱―串联质谱检测方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。样品经EDTA-McIlvaine's缓冲液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化后,采用C₁₈色谱柱分离,以乙腈―0.1％甲酸(7∶3,V/V)为流动相洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式电离,选择离子监测模式检测。结果表明,药物浓度与峰面积在5~2000 ng/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.99,对空白猪肝组织进行5~500 μg/kg的药物添加回收试验,经统计分析获得平均回收率约为84.9%~88.1%,批内变异系数为8.2％~15.1%,批间变异系数为14.7％~16.5%。本方法对乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素的检测限为0.76 μg/kg,定量限为2.51 μg/kg,方法灵敏、准确,适用于猪肝脏中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定奥芬达唑原料中的有关物质

用高效液相色谱法测定奥芬达唑原料中的有关物质,色谱柱为C 18柱,流动相为乙腈-2 g/L戊烷磺酸钠溶液(36∶ 64,V/V),用2.8%(V/V)的硫酸溶液调节pH值至2.7.流速为1 mL/min,检测波长为 254 nm.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定鸡蛋、牛奶和羊奶中泰乐菌素A残留的研究

建立了鸡蛋、牛奶和羊奶中泰乐菌素A残留的液相色谱-串联质谱法.样品经乙腈提取后,Prime HLB固相萃取柱净化,以0.1％甲酸水和乙腈为流动相,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定,内标法定量.试验结果表明:泰乐菌素A在1～100 ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.99;在鸡蛋、牛奶和羊奶中的检测限为2 ng/...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡组织中泰乐菌素的残留量

建立了鸡组织中泰乐菌素残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测方法,样品用甲醇(含2%氨水)提取,经C18固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液氮气吹干,残渣用甲醇:乙腈(20∶80,V/V)复溶,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测,基质添加标准溶液外标法定量。结果表明泰乐菌素在5~1000μg/kg的浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系。在鸡组织中中泰乐菌素的检测限为4μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg。在10~200μg/kg添加浓度范围内,泰乐菌素在鸡组织中的回收率均在85.9%~110.4%之间,批内批间变异系数在1.2%~4.0%之间。该方法各项技术指标均能满足残留检测要求,且方法的重现性良好,满足国内外兽药残留相关法规规定。     

秦乐菌素对试管中鸡毒支原体的抑菌试验和对鸡体内鸡毒支原体病的治疗试验

利用酒石酸泰乐菌素在试管中对鸡毒支原体进行了抑菌试验和在鸡体内对人工诱发的鸡毒支原体病进行了治疗试验。结果表明 :酒石酸泰乐菌素能有效地抑制试管中鸡毒支原体的生长繁殖。当饮水中药物浓度达到250mg/L以上时 ,能提高感染鸡的成活率 ;当饮水中药物浓度达到500mg/L以上时能降低气囊损伤 ,对提高鸡体增重也有一定的作用 ;当浓度达到1000mg/L时 ,则部分治疗的感染鸡体内检测不到鸡毒支原体抗体。国产酒石酸泰乐菌素作用与进口酒石酸泰乐菌素相接近     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.