羌塘自然保护区阿鲁盆地野牦牛种群生存力分析

采用VORTEX7.3软件对野牦牛的种群生存力进行了分析。研究结果显示:野牦牛集合种群在100年内的种群动态变化接近于根据野外工作得到的种群动态,种群在100年内的灭绝概率为零。在10年内野牦牛的种群数量呈急剧下降趋势,在20～50年内野牦牛的种群数量下降趋势逐渐缓和,50年后野牦牛种群数量呈稳定下降状态,在95年时野牦牛种群数量最小为50头。在60年内野牦牛的灭绝概率为0,在60～70年内野牦牛的灭绝概率有升高的趋势,在70～90年内野牦牛的灭绝概率急剧升高,在95年时野牦牛的灭绝概率达28%。野牦牛已处在濒危状态,急需保护。野牦牛死亡率的变化对它们种群生存力的影响要大于环境变化;逐步使野牦牛生境良性发展有利于野牦牛种群的良性发展;通过野牦牛种群间进行个体交换有利于保持它们的进化潜力。     

鹅喉羚种群生存力分析

采用VORTEX7．3软件对鹅喉羚的种群生存力进行了分析。研究结果显示：鹅喉羚集合种群在100年内的种群动态变化接近于根据野外工作得到的种群动态。种群在100年内的灭绝概率为零，在25年种群数量最大440，25～65年间鹅喉羚的种群数量呈下降趋势，65年时鹅喉羚的灭绝概率最大32%，种群数量约减少20％，之后种群数量处于稳定下降趋势。已经处于濒危状态，需妻保护。鹅喉羚死亡率的变化对它们种群生存力的影响要大于环境变化；逐步使鹅喉羚生境良性发展有利于鹅喉羚种群的良性发展；通过鹅喉羚种群闯进行个体交换有利于保持它们的进化潜力。     

麇鹿生长三支角罕见案例的剖析

2010年3月-2013年3月,在江苏大丰麋鹿野放区及北京南海子麋鹿苑观察麋鹿行为时,发现有2头麋鹿头上分别长出3支角。通过对这一麋鹿发展史上罕见的案例剖析,认为它对今后开展麇鹿近亲繁殖、种群遗传多样性保护、种群的健康发展等相关研究可能具有启迪作用。     

半散放麋鹿的粪便成分分析

<正>麋鹿隶属鹿科麋鹿属,是我国特有的物种,20世纪初在我国灭绝,1985年我国从英国重新引进麋鹿,在北京南海子麋鹿苑(以下简称"麋鹿苑")建立了首个重引入种群[1]。自引入以来,麋鹿种群迅速繁衍发展,虽然采取了人工迁地保护措施,目前种群数量仍超过环境承载量[2]。麋鹿苑的麋鹿半散放于湿地栖息地中,其粪便未经处理直接排放到环境中,给苑内生态环境带来的潜在威胁不容忽视。目前,在对麋鹿的研究中,仅测定了其对紫花苜     

大丰麋鹿放归自然时的特殊行为习性观察

<正>1背景麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)为我国特有物种,国家一级保护动物,其野生种群早已灭绝。1986年,由原国家林业部和世界自然基金会(WWF)合作,从英国重引进39头麋鹿(13♂、26♀),在江苏省大丰县建立了我国第一个麋鹿自然保护区,实施麋鹿重引进项目。截至2014年底,大丰麋鹿种群扩大到2360头,其中野生种群为235头。目前,世界上麋鹿总数近5000头,其中多数采用圈养方式。因此,大丰麋鹿种群的复壮和其野生种群     

中国麋鹿种群发展现状及其研究进展

麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,为中国特有种。由于人类的猎捕和环境的变迁,在1900年左右该种群在中国基本灭绝。麋鹿重引入是中国第一个重大物种重引入项目,目前已经建立了北京南海子麋鹿苑、江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区和湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区,分别代表了中国麋鹿的人工圈养、半人工圈养和自然放养3种方式。作者从麋鹿的生物学特征、生境、种群、遗传繁殖、饲养管理及药用价值等方面进行了归纳分析,详细阐述了中国麋鹿种群发展现状及其研究方面取得的成果,为促进麋鹿种群的健康繁衍和保护提供理论依据。     

大丰麋鹿种群密度制约及资源化潜力初探

麋鹿自古就是珍贵的药用生物资源,其茸、角、血、肉等均为我国传统名贵中药。麋鹿是国家一级保护动物。自我国重新引入以来,大丰麋鹿种群不断繁殖壮大,数量从1986年的39头,增长到2018年的4556头。但是,目前其受到种群密度的制约、生境退化和潜在传染病暴发威胁,影响了麋鹿种群的健康发展。笔者通过系统分析麋鹿药用资源的保护现状,结合已开展的麋鹿生物学科学研究,综合分析麋鹿资源保护和利用的可行性,既能有效缓解保护区种群密度制约问题,又能推动中医医药事业和麋鹿繁育保护事业的快速发展。     

江苏大丰麋鹿人工驯养试验研究

麋鹿(Elaphurus Davidianus)是中国特有物种,野生种群在本土灭绝近200年,2018年大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区开展了小麋鹿的人工驯养试验,通过合理饮食饲喂与建立条件反射、食物诱导强化训练等方式相结合,在试验场地对刚出生的小麋鹿个体开展驯养试验,总结了麋鹿驯养中饲养的日粮配比和成功驯化的技术方案,探讨了麋鹿人工驯养的关键措施和技术难点,为进一步开展人工驯养麋鹿提供技术参考和经验借鉴。     

北京南海子麋鹿种群半散放饲养管理

总结和介绍了北京南海子麋鹿苑多年来半散放鹿群管理技术、冬季过冬补饲技术、半散放区内水体的管理及草场科学改良等主要目标,以恢复园囿种群,为下一步野放作基础     

江苏大丰麋鹿种群及管理模式探讨

以江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿为研究对象,探讨麋鹿种群管理及保育对策.结果显示:1986 ～2011年,大丰麋鹿数量呈逐年上升趋势,年增长率在7.7％ ～27.1％之间,平均年增长率为13.6％(n=25).大丰麋鹿种群的管理有4种方式,即圈养、半散养、野生放养和异地寄养.圈养生境面积小,麋鹿采用全年人工补饲;半散养生境面积较大,以第一核心区麋鹿为例,其种群密度从1998年的0.825头/hm2增加到2011年的3.06头/hm2,平均增长1.9％(n=14).野生放养是恢复麋鹿野生种群的基础和前提;异地寄养是保存麋鹿物种的关键.今后,大丰麋鹿保护区将走麋鹿种群可持续发展战略,继续合理野生放养、异地选点寄养,并通过栖息地生境修复、麋鹿血统交换等方式,不断探索麋鹿保护发展新策略.     

Using expected allele number as objective function to design between and within breed conservation of farm animal biodiversity

Conservation of genetic diversity in farm animal species can be achieved by preventing extinction of breeds and by reducing genetic drift within breeds. It is suggested to use the expected number of alleles segregating in the species after a given time period as objective function in the design of conservation strategies. A formal approach is presented to predict this quantity based on marker information, accounting for extinction probability of breeds and effective population size within breeds as the major component of genetic drift. Based on this model, relative efficiency of different strategies of diversity conservation can be quantified. Formulas are given to derive the marginal expected number of alleles with respect to genetic drift within population and extinction probability, respectively. The suggested approach is illustrated with an example of 13 European cattle breeds. With the assumed parameters, drift is shown to be the major force leading to loss of alleles, and different breeds are prioritized for activities to reduce risk of extinction and for measures to reduce genetic drift, respectively. Although different aspects of the model need to be further refined, the suggested methodology provides a general and flexible tool to derive the optimum conservation strategy in various scenarios.     

Herd-based monitoring for tuberculosis in extensive swedish deer herds by culling and meat inspection rather than by intradermal tuberculin testing

The effect of random slaughter and meat inspection as a tool to detect or eradicate tuberculosis in large, extensive deer herds in Sweden was evaluated. A computer spreadsheet model based on the Reed-Frost method was developed. Numbers of new infections and of infected deer slaughtered as well as probability of detecting tuberculosis or slaughtering all infected deer in a herd, were simulated. The model predicted that, given a 20% annual slaughter and that disease was introduced with one infected deer, the infection would be detected or eliminated in most herds (90%) after 15 years.     

Population viability analysis of small population: a case study for Asian elephant in China

Small populations are at risk of extinction from deterministic and stochastic factors. Less than 250 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) remain in China, and are distributed in a few isolated areas; yet, population viability analyses of this endangered population have not been conducted. Here, the current genetic status of the Pu'Er‐Mengyang Asian elephant populations in China was analyzed, and the risk of extinction was predicted over the next 500 years. Factors affecting the viability of this population were determined through simulations. The genetic diversity of the population was very low (mean allele number: 3.1; expected heterozygosity: 0.463), even though a recent population bottleneck was not detected. The effective population size was approximately 24.1 adult elephants. Enough adult breeding individuals exist to maintain population viability. VORTEX simulation model showed that this population would not go extinct in the next 500 years. However, illegal poaching and harvesting could negatively affect population size. A sensitivity analysis showed that the mean stochastic growth rate of the study population is sensitive to sex ratio, number of breeding females, mortality of females of different age classes, carrying capacity, and lethal equivalents. Based on our results, we suggest that action should be taken to alleviate inbreeding and any further loss of genetic diversity, by connecting fragmented elephant habitat or by translocating individual elephants. In addition, human–elephant conflict should be mitigated using various modern approaches, including crop guarding techniques, and by encouraging farmers to switch to crops and income sources not vulnerable to elephant raids.     

Targeting the detection of chronic wasting disease using the hunter harvest during early phases of an outbreak in Saskatchewan, Canada

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of North American cervids that was first detected in a wild, hunter-shot deer in Saskatchewan along the border with Alberta in Canada in 2000. Spatially explicit models for assessing factors affecting disease detection are needed to guide surveillance and control programs. Spatio-temporal patterns in CWD prevalence can be complicated by variation in individual infection probability and sampling biases. We assessed hunter harvest data of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the early phases of an outbreak in Saskatchewan (i.e., 2002-2007) for targeting the detection of CWD by defining (1) where to look, and (2) how much effort to use. First, we accounted for known demographic heterogeneities in infection to model the probability, P(E), that a harvested deer was infected with CWD given characteristics of the harvest location. Second, in areas where infected deer were harvested we modelled the probability, P(D), of the hunter harvest re-detecting CWD within sample units of varying size (9-54 km(2)) given the demographics of harvested deer and time since first detection in the study area. Heterogeneities in host infection were consistent with those reported elsewhere: mule deer 3.7 times >white-tailed deer, males 1.8 times>females, and quadratically related to age in both sexes. P(E) increased with number of years since the first detection in our study area (2002) and proximity to known disease sources, and also varied with distance to the South Saskatchewan River and small creek drainages, terrain ruggedness, and extent of agriculture lands within a 3 km radius of the harvest. The majority (75%) of new CWD-positive deer from our sample were found within 20 km of infected deer harvested in the previous year, while approximately 10% were greater than 40 km. P(D) modelled at 18 km(2) was best supported, but for all scales, P(D) depended on the number of harvested deer and time since the first infected deer was harvested. Within an 18 km(2) sampling unit, there was an 80% probability of detecting a CWD-positive deer with 16 harvested deer five years after the initial infected harvest. Identifying where and how much to sample to detect CWD can improve targeted surveillance programs early in the outbreak of the disease when based on hunter harvest.     

Defining output-based standards to achieve and maintain tuberculosis freedom in farmed deer, with reference to member states of the European Union

Within the European Union (EU), detailed legislation has been developed for cattle, but not deer, to minimise disease risks associated with trade in animals and animal products. This legislation is expressed as input-based standards, providing a detailed outline of the activity required (for example, testing of animals and application of defined control measures), on the expectation that an adequate output (for example, confidence in freedom) will be achieved. Input-based standards are at odds with the increasing shift towards output-based standards, particularly in OIE rules governing international trade. In this paper, we define output-based standards to achieve and maintain freedom from tuberculosis (TB) in farmed deer, with reference to EU member states. After considering the probability of freedom achieved for cattle under existing EU legislation, we defined a ‘free farmed deer holding’ as one with a probability of freedom from infection of at least 99%. We then developed an epidemiological model of TB surveillance systems for deer holdings, incorporating different surveillance strategies, including combinations of diagnostic tests, and a variety of different scenarios relating to the potential for introduction of infection. A range of surveillance strategies were identified to achieve and maintain a free farmed deer holding, and worked examples are presented. The surveillance system sensitivity for varying combinations of screening and confirmatory tests in live animals, animals at slaughter and on-farm deaths is also presented. Using a single test at a single point in time, none of the TB tests routinely used in farmed deer is able to achieve an acceptable probability of TB freedom. If repeat testing were undertaken, an acceptable probability of TB freedom could be achieved, with differing combinations of the surveillance system sensitivity, frequency of testing and risk of introduction. The probability of introduction of infection through the importation of infected deer was influenced by the use of a pre-movement test (assumed 90% test sensitivity and negative test results), the TB prevalence in the source herd and the number of animals imported. A surveillance system sensitivity of at least 81% was achieved with different combinations of annual live animal surveillance and surveillance of animals at slaughter or on-farm deaths. This methodology has broad applicability and could also be extended to other diseases in both deer and other species with relevance to trade in animals and animal products.     

Thresholds of population persistence for the Yangtze finless porpoise: implications for conservation managements

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis), a critically endangered species, is the only cetacean species in the Yangtze River following the functional extinction of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer). To inform conservation actions, two important questions need to be addressed: what is the threshold value of survival rate, and what is the threshold value of population size? We calculate the instantaneous rate of population increase () for the Yangtze finless porpoise for various combinations of the calf and the non-calf survival rates. We also test the probability of extinction for different minimum carrying capacities for 100 and 500 years using a stable population model. The threshold value of the non-calf survival rate is never lower than 0.869, but current estimates from field data have been far below this threshold. Our model based on extinction probability and carrying capacity suggests that the threshold for the population size to persist 100 years required 113 animals, and 472 animals are required to persist 500 years. Therefore, we recommend establishing an ex situ reserve network to guarantee the minimum 100-year carrying capacity. To ensure the long-term population viability, we suggest establishing two in situ reserve zones in two lakes and their surrounding reserves to meet a minimum 500-year carrying capacity. In addition, measures to avoid further habitat fragmentation should be priority.     

Indices for nutritional condition and thresholds for winter survival in sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan

We derived fat indices for sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and estimated the probability of over-winter survival with a logistic regression model using fat indices. Kidney fat mass (KFM) appears to be an adequate index of wide range of physical conditions before the onset of severe nutritional stress. When KFM values fell below 20 g, femur (FMF) and mandible cavity fat (MCF) indices declined sharply. FMF and MCF were useful indices for detecting malnourished deer. A logistic regression model describes survival thresholds in two bone fat indices for calves (45%) and three fat indices for adult females (FMF = 25%, MCF = 30%, KFM = 20 g). These models are useful for estimating the probability of winter survival in Hokkaido sika deer.     

Sex determination of sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) using nested PCR from feces collected in the field

We describe a method for determining the sex of sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) from feces collected in the field. Using a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), partial sequences of the sex determination region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene and X zinc finger protein (ZFX) gene were amplified. In 19 individuals with sex information, the correct sex was successfully detected and sequences of target amplicons were completely matched between muscle and feces from the rectum. Among 75 fecal samples collected noninvasively in the field, 68-71 samples (90.7-94.7%) yielded successful sex determinations. Using this technique, feces collected in the field would enhance the utility of genetic analysis. As a result, instead of biomaterials, these samples can serve as new or alternative materials. Finally, it can be expected that this technique will contribute to reveal in advanced detail of the population dynamics and genetic diversity that needed to carry out effective population control and to reduce the extinction risk of sika deer.     

黑龙江省野生马鹿种群资源现状研究

采用多阶抽样方法 ,研究了黑龙江省野生马鹿资源现状。结果表明 ,1 990年该省林区野生马鹿种群数量为 ( 4 430 0± 3972 )头 ,平均分布密度为 0 2 5头 /km2 ,总栖息面积约为1 789 6万hm2 。与 1 975年全省野生马鹿调查结果相比 ,野生马鹿种群数量略呈增长趋势。1 5年间种群数量增长了 1 5 39%,年增长率为 0 95%,而分布区面积减少了 30 %～ 40 %,出现了明显的分布区退缩现象 ,初步形成了新的分布格局     

Current value of historical and ongoing surveillance for disease freedom: surveillance for bovine Johne's disease in Western Australia

‘Confidence’ in freedom from disease is generally derived from multiple sources of varied surveillance information, and typically this surveillance evidence has been accumulated over time. In the state of Western Australia (WA) the main surveillance evidence supporting Free Zone status in the national bovine Johne's disease (BJD) program comprises periodic surveys and the ongoing clinical diagnostic system. This paper illustrates a simple approach to current valuation of historical surveillance information, based on the calculated sensitivity of the surveillance processes, the time elapsed since the data were accumulated, and the probability of new introduction of disease into the population during that elapsed time. Surveillance system components (SSCs) contributing to the overall sensitivity of the surveillance system were the clinical diagnostic system and periodic targeted surveys. Sensitivity of each component was estimated using a stochastic scenario tree model of the surveillance process as implemented. Probability of introduction of BJD into WA during each time period was estimated retrospectively from a stochastic import risk analysis model applied to actual cattle importation data. The probability that the WA cattle population was free from infection (at design prevalences of 0.2% of herds and 2% of animals within an infected herd) was estimated following each of 11 years, giving a median probability that the State was free of BJD (at these design prevalences) at the end of 2005 of 0.89. The meaning of this result is discussed.