酵母蛋白粉与血浆蛋白粉在乳仔猪日粮中应用效果的研究

本试验旨在研究乳仔猪日粮中添加喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉和酵母蛋白粉对其生产性能、断奶后腹泻率以及血清免疫指标的影响。试验选择18窝乳猪随机分为3组,每组6窝。处理1日粮中添加5%血浆蛋白粉,处理2日粮中添加5%酵母蛋白粉,处理3日粮中添加2.5%血浆蛋白粉+2.5%酵母蛋白粉;试验分7~25日龄断奶和25~40日龄2个阶段。结果表明:酵母蛋白粉替代血浆蛋白后,各处理日增重、采食量和饲料增重比方面均无显著性差异(P>0.05);处理2和处理3的仔猪腹泻率比处理1分别降低了37.93%和21.86%;3个处理组血清中免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM和IgA)水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验结果表明,乳仔猪料中可以使用酵母蛋白粉部分或全部替代血浆蛋白粉。     

生物蛋白粉和血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生产性能的对比试验

为了评定生物蛋白粉对仔猪生产性能的影响,共选用96头28日龄的仔猪,体重约7.65kg仔猪(杜×长×大),按照随机化完全区组设计,分到3个处理组。每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。处理1为对照组,处理2为基础日粮添加4%生物蛋白粉,处理3为基础日粮添加4%血浆蛋白粉。试验期共14d。试验结果表明,仔猪日粮添加生物蛋白粉可达到与血浆蛋白粉相同的生产水平(包括平均日增重、平均日采食量、料肉比、腹泻率)。与添加4%血浆蛋白粉相比,日粮添加4%生物蛋白粉可降低日粮成本而且大大提高仔猪的生产性能。     

大豆浓缩蛋白对超早期断奶仔猪生产性能、小肠粘膜结构和细胞免疫机能的影响

为探讨大豆浓缩蛋白在超早期断奶仔猪饲粮中的应用,试验选用72头14日龄杜×(大×长)三元杂交断奶仔猪随机分为4组:处理一,不添加血浆蛋白粉和大豆浓缩蛋白;处理二,添加5%血浆蛋白粉,不添加大豆浓缩蛋白;处理三,添加2.5%血浆蛋白粉和5%大豆浓缩蛋白;处理四,不添加血浆蛋白粉,添加10%大豆浓缩蛋白。每处理3个重复(栏),每重复6头猪,试验为期4周。试验结果表明:超早期断奶仔猪饲粮添加5%血浆蛋白粉提高了仔猪采食量(P<0.05)与日增重(P<0.01),降低仔猪料重比(P<0.01);大豆浓缩蛋白未能提高仔猪采食量(P>0.05),可在一定程度上提高仔猪日增重与饲料效率(P>0.05);大豆浓缩蛋白对仔猪小肠粘膜结构和细胞免疫机能没有影响(P>0.05),但有降低仔猪免疫激活状态的趋势(P>0.05)。     

低蛋白日粮中添加液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道的影响

本试验旨在研究液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物(LMA)对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道的影响,并评价其营养效应和酸化剂效应。选择(28±3)d杜长大(DLY)断奶仔猪120头,平均分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,各处理分别饲喂高蛋白(21%CP)日粮及添加0.10%DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)和0.12%、0.24%、0.36%LMA的低蛋白(18%CP)日粮,试验期4周。结果表明:与21%CP组相比,18%CP组采食量显著增加(P<0.05),腹泻率降低30%以上;随LMA添加量提高,日增重、采食量和结肠丙酸、丁酸含量增加;0.24%LMA组腹泻率、饲料增重比、结肠大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量最低,小肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值及结肠乳酸杆菌数量最高。说明LMA具有营养效应和酸化剂效应,在CP为18%的断奶仔猪日粮中LMA适宜添加量是0.24%。     

酵母抽提物替代血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究酵母抽提物部分或全部替代血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。试验共选160头体重([6.20±0.10)kg]和日龄([26±2)d]相近的PIC断奶仔猪,分为4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。对照组(处理1)饲喂基础日粮,处理2饲喂含4%血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)日粮,处理3饲喂含2%SDPP+2%酵母抽提物的日粮,处理4饲喂含4%酵母抽提物日粮。试验期为28 d,所有仔猪自由采食和饮水。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂含4%酵母抽提物日粮能促进仔猪生长,试验全期仔猪日增重提高15%(P<0.05),饲料增重比降低7%(P<0.05);与含4%或2%SDPP日粮组相比,饲喂含4%酵母抽提物日粮并没有显著影响仔猪平均日采食量和日增重,但饲料增重比在试验前3周和试验全期均得到显著改善(降低7%～10%,P<0.05)。因此,酵母抽提物能促进断奶仔猪生长,部分或全部替代SDPP不影响仔猪增重,且能改善饲料转化率。     

两种血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能的影响研究

选取6窝(60头)7日龄杜长大仔猪,随机分成A、B组,分别饲喂添加3%普通血浆蛋白粉GAP701、高免低灰分血浆蛋白粉GAP881的2种试验日粮,研究两种血浆蛋白粉对仔猪生长性能和对抑制仔猪腹泻的影响,试验分为断奶前(7～26日龄)和断奶后(27～36日粮)两个阶段。结果表明,高免低灰分血浆蛋白粉GAP881的饲喂效果好于普通血浆蛋白粉GAP701,能显著提高早期断奶仔猪的日平均增重(P<0.05),提高日平均采食量,降低料重比。     

日粮添加不同水平肽源对乳仔猪生产性能及经济效益影响的研究

为研究不同水平肽源对乳仔猪生产性能及经济效益的影响,本试验采用单因子试验设计,分哺乳期(7~28日龄)和断奶转群过渡期(28~37日龄)2个阶段。哺乳期:选取24窝1日龄哺乳仔猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1窝。对照组饲喂基础日粮(0%肽源);处理1组添加4%肽源代替2%血浆蛋白;处理2组添加6%肽源代替2%血浆蛋白;处理3组添加8%肽源代替4%血浆蛋白。断奶转群过渡期:仔猪28日龄断奶后,4个处理各自混群,每个处理各选60头猪,随机分为3个重复,每个重复20头。各处理试验日粮与哺乳期相同。结果表明:1)不同肽源水平日粮饲喂哺乳期仔猪,对其日增重、死淘率及腹泻率无显著影响(P0.05),相比于饲喂商品日粮,在仔猪日粮中添加6%的肽源,能够显著提高仔猪全期采食量10.3%(P0.05);2)不同肽源水平对断奶过渡期仔猪日采食量及饲料转化率无显著影响(P0.05),相比于饲喂商品日粮,在日粮中添加6%肽源,可显著提高仔猪日增重(P0.05),6%和8%肽源可以减少腹泻率(P0.05);3)在仔猪日粮中使用一定比例的肽源代替血浆蛋白粉,可以降低饲料成本,增加仔猪增重收益,提高养殖效益2.2%~3.0%。综上所述,肽源能够改善仔猪生产性能,提高养殖效益,减轻断奶应激,6%的肽源添加比例最佳。     

高锌和高铜对断奶仔猪生产性能、消化生理和盲肠微生物数量的影响

本试验旨在考察高锌(Zn)和高铜(Cu)对断奶仔猪生产性能、消化生理和盲肠微生物数量的影响.选取105 头(25±1)日龄断奶的D×LX Y仔猪,随机分为3个组,每个组5个重复,每个重复7头仔猪,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+2 500 mg/kg锌(氧化锌)和基础日粮+250 mg/kg铜(硫酸铜).试验期28 d.于试验的第3周末时,每个重复选1头仔猪屠宰,考察消化道消化酶活性和盲肠微牛物数量.结果表明,日粮添加高锌和高铜使仔猪全期(1～4周)平均日增重(ADG)分别提高19.92%(P<0.05)和23.24%(P<0.01),料重比(F/G)分别降低6.67%(P>0.05)和12.78%(P<0.01).高锌和高铜均能使Ca和P的消化率提高(P<0.01或P<0.05).高锌和高铜均能提高仔猪胃蛋白酶和胰淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),改善回肠、空肠和十二指肠绒毛高度及3肠段绒毛高度与隐窝深度之比,其中同肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著增加(P<0.05),且高铜组空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)和高锌组(P<0.05).高锌和高铜有降低盲肠大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05).综合来看,高铜高锌能改善断奶仔猪生产性能、养分消化率及消化酶活性,且高铜促生长效应优于高锌.     

不同剂量血浆蛋白粉对肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能的影响

本试验选用300只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验前期(1～21d)5个处理分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+50mg/kg金霉素和含有0.5%、2.5%、5.0%血浆蛋白粉(SDPP)日粮,试验后期(22～49d)各处理组均饲喂基础日粮。结果表明,添加0.5%SDPP极显著提高前期平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01);SDPP显著提高后期和全期ADG和ADFI,但后期和全期各处理间F/G差异不显著(P>0.05);0.5%SDPP组肉鸡全期的生产成绩高于2.5%和5.0%SDPP组(P>0.05)。血浆蛋白粉可提高Ea、Et、脾脏指数和胸腺指数(P>0.05);2.5%、5.0%SDPP组淋巴细胞转化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),0.5%SDPP组淋巴细胞转化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);2.5%SDPP组的法氏囊指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对断奶仔猪肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响

研究旨在探讨在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加发酵豆粕及嗜酸乳杆菌培养物对仔猪肠道形态结构及空肠消化酶活性的影响。选用遗传背景、胎次和体重相近的21日龄断奶仔猪48头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。对照组仔猪饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组仔猪饲喂奶粉饲粮(由某公司提供),试验Ⅱ组仔猪饲喂用发酵豆粕代替10.0%普通豆粕的试验饲粮,试验Ⅲ组饲粮是在试验Ⅱ组基础上用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物代替3.0%原有原料,试验期21 d。结果显示:1饲粮中用发酵豆粕代替10%普通豆粕显著提高35日龄仔猪十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度,降低35日龄仔猪隐窝深度,提高绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)(P0.05)。2饲粮添加3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物显著提高了35日龄仔猪各段小肠的绒毛高度,降低35日龄仔猪各段小肠隐窝深度,提高42日龄各段小肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。3通过透射电镜发现,对照组空肠微绒毛稀疏、短小、排列不整齐;试验组仔猪空肠微绒毛较长、整齐、密集,尤其是添加嗜酸乳杆菌组效果最好。4饲粮中用发酵豆粕代替10%普通豆粕显著提高了35日龄仔猪空肠蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性(P0.05),提高42日龄仔猪麦芽糖酶活性(P0.05),提高42日龄仔猪麦芽糖酶活性。5饲粮添加3%嗜酸乳杆菌培养物与只添加发酵豆粕相比,仔猪空肠二糖酶、Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP酶活性差异不显著(P0.05),但35日龄时Na+/K+-ATP酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。发酵豆粕可改善仔猪空肠微绒毛结构,减缓断奶应激引起的乳糖酶急剧下降,提高蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性。用嗜酸乳杆菌培养物替代原有原料3%后各指标效果更好,替代后其效果与奶粉饲粮的效果相当。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

Hypothalamic dopamine is required for salsolinol‐induced prolactin secretion in goats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and salsolinol (SAL) for the secretion of prolactin (PRL) in goats. SAL or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) was intravenously injected into female goats treated with or without the D₂ DA receptor antagonist haloperidol (Hal), which crosses the blood‐brain barrier, and the PRL‐releasing response to SAL was compared with that to TRH. PRL‐releasing responses to SAL, Hal, and Hal plus SAL were also examined after a pretreatment to augment central DA using carbidopa (Carbi) and L‐dopa. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal alone was greater than that to SAL or TRH alone. The PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus SAL was similar to that of Hal alone. In contrast, the PRL‐releasing response to Hal plus TRH was greater than that to TRH or Hal alone. The treatment with Carbi plus L‐dopa inhibited SAL‐ and Hal‐induced PRL secretion. The inhibition of the PRL‐releasing response to SAL disappeared when SAL was injected with Hal. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying the SAL‐induced PRL response differ from those of TRH, and suggest that hypothalamic DA and its synthesis is associated in part with SAL‐induced PRL secretion in goats.     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

The effect of peri-parturient anthelmintic treatment on the productivity of dairy cattle in subtropical western India

Trials with fenbendazole (Panacur, Hoechst India Ltd) were carried out on two commercial farms in subtropical western India to study the response and economics of nematode treatment in adult dairy cows. Milk yield, lactation length, time to first oestrus and worm egg output were monitored in treated and control groups. Treatment reduced the egg count considerably. Treated cows produced 142 litres more milk over 100 days (p<0.05), with extension of lactation length and advancement of time to first oestrus. The economic gain in terms of milk yield far outweighed the cost of anthelmintic used.     

An Evaluation of the Acceptability as Forage of Some Nutritive and Antinutritive Components and of the Dry Matter Degradation Profiles of Five Species of Ficus

The suitability of five species of Ficus, F. mucoso, F. thonningii, F. polita, F. religiosa and F. benjamina, for feeding ruminant livestock was studied. The nutritive and antinutritive components were determined and the acceptability of the forages to livestock was assessed using a cafeteria method in 8 adult small ruminants. Also, the degradation potential of the dry matter of the five Ficus species was investigated using 3 fistulated sheep. The crude protein (CP) content of the Ficus species varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 130 to 180 g/kg DM. The content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) also varied significantly (p < 0.05), ranging from 650 to 710 g/kg DM. The organic matter (OM) contents did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), having a mean value of 916 g/kg DM. The concentrations of tannin, saponin, phytic acid and oxalic acid were low. The acceptability of the forage was similar for four of the species but poor for F. polita. The extent of DM degradation varied significant among the Ficus species, the ranking order being F. benjamina > F. thonningii > F. mucoso > F. religiosa > F. polita.