过硫酸氢钾复合物粉的药理药效学、毒理学研究及其在猪场中的应用现状

文章详细阐述了过硫酸氢钾复合物粉的作用机理、杀菌和消毒效果、毒理学以及临床应用等内容。过硫酸氢钾复合物粉可有效杀灭猪场常见病原微生物,并且对猪场环境、器具、空气、饮水以及饲养人员均可做到有效消毒,安全高效,是猪场首选的消毒剂。为该药物的临床使用提供一定的理论参考。     

4种常用消毒剂对H7N9亚型流感病毒灭活效果研究

为了比较常用消毒剂对H7N9亚型流感病毒杀灭效果,依照2002年版《消毒技术规范》,评估过硫酸氢钾复合物粉、聚维酮碘溶液、戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液、稀戊二醛溶液4种消毒剂在不同浓度下,与H7N9亚型流感病毒作用10 min、30 min和60 min的灭活效果。结果显示,0.2%(w/v)过硫酸氢钾复合物粉溶液作用10 min,0.5%(w/v)聚维酮碘溶液作用30 min,0.1%(v/v)戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液作用30 min,或0.3%(v/v)稀戊二醛溶液作用30 min,均可将H7N9亚型流感病毒完全灭活。与推荐使用浓度相比,戊二醛癸甲溴铵溶液、稀戊二醛溶液、聚维酮碘可以有效灭活H7N9亚型流感病毒,而过硫酸氢钾复合物粉不能有效灭活H7N9亚型流感病毒。本研究对H7N9亚型流感病毒消毒剂的选用具有指导意义。     

过硫酸氢钾复合物最佳杀菌条件的研究

以过硫酸氢钾消毒剂为研究对象,以大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为受试菌,通过悬液定量杀菌试验,研究在不同温度、作用时间和干扰物存在条件下,过硫酸氢钾的杀菌作用。结果显示,有机干扰物不存在时,在设定温度下(37、25、4℃),浓度为312.5mg/L~1 250mg/L的过硫酸氢钾对受试菌(107 CFU/mL)作用5min,杀菌率为100%;浓度为2 500mg/L时,1min可完全杀灭受试菌。当有机物(牛血清白蛋白)在菌液中的终浓度为30g/L时,室温下作用10min,完全杀灭大肠埃希菌浓度为625mg/L,金黄色葡萄球菌为2 500mg/L。有机物含量为250g/L时,相同条件下对大肠埃希菌的杀菌率为99.99%,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌率为99.97%。研究结果为过硫酸氢钾作为消毒剂的有效使用提供了参考。     

规模化鸡场消毒剂的筛选与消毒效果评价

为评价消毒剂对规模化鸡场的消毒效果,采用有限稀释法和茵悬混合液定量杀菌试验分别测定50 g/L苯扎溴铵(A)、20 mL/L戊二醛溶液(B)、100 g/L聚维酮碘(C)、100 g/L癸甲溴铵(D)和过硫酸氢钾复合物粉(E)5种消毒剂对大肠埃希茵最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和杀灭对数值;采用带鸡消毒试验对5种消毒剂进行现场...     

一种过硫酸氢钾复合物粉的消毒效果评价

为了评价过硫酸氢钾复合物粉的消毒效果，本研究使用过硫酸氢钾复合物粉进行了定量杀菌和杀毒试验、定性杀菌和杀毒试验以及现场消毒试验，结果表明该过硫酸氢钾复合物粉无论是对单种细菌或病毒，还是对饲养环境均具有较好的消毒作用。     

过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒现场消毒效果试验

为了评价过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒的现场消毒效果,探究最佳使用浓度,试验将过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒配成不同浓度的溶液,分别对牛舍、鸡舍进行地面消毒和空气消毒,并与进口的过硫酸氢钾复合粉进行消毒效果比较。结果表明:地面消毒中,过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒溶液高浓度(1∶100)消毒10 min,中浓度(1∶200)消毒30 min,杀菌率可达99%以上,与对照消毒剂过硫酸氢钾复合粉溶液(1∶200)消毒30 min效果相当;空气消毒中,过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒溶液高浓度(1∶100)和中浓度(1∶200)消毒10 min,杀菌率可达到99%以上,与对照消毒剂过硫酸氢钾复合粉溶液(1∶200)消毒10 min效果相当。说明使用过硫酸氢钾复合盐颗粒溶液对畜禽舍进行地面和空气消毒,在作用时间30 min以上时,溶液浓度为1∶100和1∶200的消毒效果好,杀菌率可达到99%以上,建议使用浓度为1∶200。     

一种广谱微生物消毒剂过硫酸氢钾复合粉的稳定性研究

为确定过硫酸氢钾复合粉的有效期和包装运输条件,以电位滴定法和碘量法测定过硫酸氢钾复合粉中氯化钠和有效氯的含量,并分别用影响因素试验、加速试验和室温长期留样试验对过硫酸氢钾复合粉进行稳定性研究。影响因素试验结果表明过硫酸氢钾复合粉对湿度较敏感,6个月加速试验的结果显示双层铝箔纸可以作为合适的包装材料,室温留样1年后,样品各项检测指标均符合质量标准的规定。稳定性试验结果表明本品在密闭、遮光的贮存条件下性质稳定,室温下贮存期可暂定为2年。     

不同条件对过硫酸氢钾复合粉杀菌效果的影响研究

消毒灭源是养殖生产中防止动物发生疫病的重要措施,因此,需要合理选择和使用消毒剂来确保消毒效率,提高畜禽场生物安全和动物福利.为了探讨过硫酸氢钾复合粉对细菌的杀灭效果的影响,以本实验室鉴定的奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌为受试菌,采用悬菌液定量杀灭试验,研究不同温度、作用时间对过硫酸氢钾复合粉杀菌效果的影响.结果显示,过硫酸氢钾复合粉浓度在1∶400、1∶800、1∶1600,4℃、20℃、30℃,5min作用下均能有效杀灭奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌,1min作用下杀灭率分别为98.6％、95.5％、92％;各种浓度组温度在4℃～30℃度和规定时间下,随着温度的上升杀灭率均有不同程度的提高.研究表明,提高消毒时间和温度有助于过硫酸氢钾复合粉对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果.     

过硫酸氢钾对贝类育苗水体中溶藻弧菌的杀灭效果

本文以海蚌育苗池海水中的溶藻弧菌作为研究对象,探讨过硫酸氢钾对溶藻弧菌的杀灭效果。通过单因素试验和3因素3水平正交试验探讨不同温度、不同过硫酸氢钾浓度、不同菌液浓度对抑制溶藻弧菌效果的影响。从单因素试验结果可知,当温度处于20～30℃、过硫酸氢钾浓度20～40 mg/L、菌液浓度10⁵～10⁷CFU/mL时,杀菌抑制效果显著;正交试验结果 显示,温度25℃、过硫酸氢钾浓度40 mg/L、菌液浓度10⁵CFU/mL,是过硫酸氢钾溶液对溶藻弧菌杀灭效果最佳的条件;药物浓度11 mg/L时,灭菌率≧99%;药物浓度大于9 mg/L时,药物作用时间1～24 h的杀菌率差异均不显著,过硫酸氢钾药效可以维持24 h。     

用于移动式行人消毒通道的消毒药剂效果评价

为有效防控疫情研制出移动式行人消毒通道,评价选用的消毒药剂对有害微生物的消杀作用,本试验采用培养方法等对过硫酸氢钾复合物、过氧乙酸等消毒药剂对大肠杆菌等病原菌、猪流行性腹泻病毒等常见猪禽病原进行消杀效果试验,采用急性经口毒性试验、急性眼刺激试验、皮肤刺激试验来评价消毒药的安全性。结果显示几种消毒药对供试病原有较好的杀灭效果,过硫酸氢钾制剂、过氧乙酸分别1∶100、1∶2000稀释后,5分钟即可杀灭所有试验病菌;过氧乙酸1∶104、过硫酸氢钾1∶105稀释能杀死病毒载体Vero细胞;过氧乙酸1∶250经过1 min即能杀死猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV);1∶2000可以有效杀灭新城疫病毒(NDV)和传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV);结果还显示对人具有良好的安全性。本试验提示设立移动式行人消毒通道对降低传播性感染风险具有重要意义。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.