非洲猪瘟的诊断方法及防控措施

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fevervirus,ASFV)引起家猪或野猪的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病。临床上以不明原因死亡、高热、网状内皮系统出血及脾肿大且质脆为主要特征。该病的致死率最高可达100%,是一种传播速度极快、危害性极强的传染病。就非洲猪瘟的流行病学、实验室诊断方法及防控措施进行综述,以期为非洲猪瘟综合防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟研究进展及防控措施

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒科、非洲猪瘟病毒属的唯一成员非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)引起的一种高致死率、高抵抗力、严格接触性的病毒性疾病,对所有年龄段的家猪和野猪均具有感染性。我国非洲猪瘟传入疫情的出现,对养猪生产构成严重威胁,必将冲击生猪产业的健康稳定发展。本文介绍ASF的病原、流行病学特点,并总结防控措施,以期为ASF的进一步防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟的研究进展

非洲猪瘟是猪的一种急性、高度接触传染性疾病。其感染率高, 多种传播途径,死亡率可达100％,现还无有效的疫苗及治疗措施。非洲猪瘟在临床上与猪瘟相似，虽这2种疾病的病原体完全不同，但在诊断时极易误诊，为了进一步了解该病,作者综述了该病的病原、流行病学、临床症状、鉴别诊断及我国现状，从而为诊断该病提供了依据。     

急性非洲猪瘟的实验病理学研究

旨在通过对非洲猪瘟临床病理学和组织病理学的研究,探讨病理学变化与疾病发生发展的内在关系及其病理机制。选用体重20 kg左右的长白猪13头,肌内注射非洲猪瘟病毒毒株Pig/HLJ/18,剂量10²HAD₅₀·mL^-1。试验期间的死亡猪,全部进行系统剖检和取材,制备石蜡切片,苏木素伊红染色。建立病理学评价标准,病变（无序分类变量）用频率和百分比表示,病变程度（有序分类变量）按各组织器官的不同病变进行分级和评分。结果表明,发病猪符合非洲猪瘟急性、热性、高传染性等临床特征,发病率100%,病死率100%。病死猪表现败血症典型特征,尸体易腐败,血凝不良或溶血,尸僵不全。主要病理损伤为出血性坏死性淋巴结炎、急性炎性脾肿（败血脾）、脑水肿、肺水肿和肺实变等。脾和淋巴结是非洲猪瘟病毒攻击的靶器官,病变最为显著,出现时间最早,持续时间最长,发生频率最高。病理变化以血液循环障碍尤为突出,包括水肿、充血、淤血、出血、梗死和弥散性血管内凝血等多种病理表现,出血性病变为其最主要的特征。非洲猪瘟病毒引发的以淋巴细胞渗出为主的炎症反应贯穿始终,在病程的中后期表现更为明显。结果提示,急性非洲猪瘟的主要病理过程为典型的免疫/炎症级联反应和严重的全身血液循环障碍,共同导致急性非洲猪瘟的高发病率和高死亡率。     

Experimental Pathological Study of Acute African Swine Fever

To study the clinicopathology and histopathology of African swine fever (ASF), and to explore the internal relationship between pathological changes and disease occurrence and development and its pathological mechanism, 13 Landrace pigs with bodyweight about 20 kg were intramuscular injected with African swine fever virus (ASFV), strain Pig/HLJ/18 at a dose of 10²HAD₅₀·mL^-1. During the experiment, all the dead pigs were systematically dissected and sampled, paraffin sections were produced, and haematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. Clinicopathological evaluation standards for acute ASF were established, then pathological lesions (classification variables) were expressed by counting frequency and percentage, and the lesion degree (continuous variables) was graded and scored according to different pathological changes of various tissues and organs. The results showed that all infected pigs were in line with the clinical characteristics of ASF, including acute, febrile and highly infectious, with a 100% incidence rate and 100% mortality. The dead pigs showed typical characteristics of septicemia, cadavers prone to corruption, blood clotting adverse or hemolysis, rigor mortis incomplete. The main pathological lesions were hemorrhagic necrotizing lymphadenitis, acute inflammatory splenomegaly (septic spleen), cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and lung consolidation et al. The spleen and lymphonodus are the target organs attacked by ASFV, with the most significant lesions, the earliest occurrence time, the longest duration and the highest frequency. The most prominent pathological changes are blood circulation disorders, including multiple pathological manifestations such as edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and the most important characteristics are hemorrhagic lesions. The inflammatory reaction of lymphocytic exudation caused by ASFV runs through the whole process, especially in the middle and later stages of the course. The results suggest that the main pathological process of acute African swine fever is a typical immune/inflammatory cascade reaction and severe systemic blood circulation disorder, which resulted in the high incidence rate and high mortality rate of acute ASF.     

非洲猪瘟病毒传播方式及控制措施

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)引起的一种急性、热性、高度传染性疫病,感染猪以发热和全身性出血为主要特征,病程短、病死率高。非洲猪瘟主要流行于非洲国家,随后相继传入西欧、南美洲、东欧,以及亚洲国家,对全球养猪业、食品安全和猪及其产品国际贸易产生了严重危害和深远影响。现结合参考文献和我国非洲猪瘟发生、控制情况,分析了非洲猪瘟病毒传播动力学、传播方式,提出防控非洲猪瘟的主要措施。     

Experimental transmission of African swine fever virus by Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin)

The 'sand tampan', Ornithodoros savignyi, is susceptible to oral infection with African swine fever (ASF) virus in the laboratory. Infected ticks can transmit the virus transstadially and are able to maintain it for at least 106 days. Transmission of ASF virus by infected ticks to healthy pigs was achieved on five separate occasions between 50 and 106 days after infection. Pigs infected in this way developed typical acute African swine fever. The distribution of O savignyi in Africa suggests that this tick could be a natural field vector of ASF.     

非洲猪瘟及禁抗背景下提高猪只免疫力的思考

非洲猪瘟（ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）引起的一种的热性、斑疹性、高度接触性的猪传染病。世界首例ASF于1909年在非洲肯尼亚被发现。由于其传染性强,且发病后致死率高,给生猪养殖带来极大的危害,且严重影响了畜牧经济的发展。特别是在全球禁抗背景下,提高猪只免疫力成为防控ASF的重要环节。文章就ASF特征、临床表现,就如何在禁抗下提高猪免疫力提出一些建议。     

提高生物安全措施是养猪场防控非洲猪瘟的关键

非洲猪瘟(African Swine Fever, ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African Swine fever Virus, ASFV)引起的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性的传染病,其发病率高,死亡率可高达100%。世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列为必须报告动物疫病,我国将其列为一类动物疫病。由于目前并没有安全有效的疫苗,防控ASF最有效的方法是实行早期诊断、扑杀和严格的封锁隔离措施,针对养猪场则需要高度重视生物安全防控措施。根据非洲猪瘟的流行病学特征,简要综述了养猪场如何通过建立良好的生物安全屏障、切断可能传播途径、有效消毒降低潜在病原等重要措施来防控非洲猪瘟。     

非洲猪瘟病毒免疫及基因工程疫苗研究进展

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起家猪的一种急性、出血性、高度接触性蜱传病毒病,可致家猪网状内皮系统出血及高死亡率,是危害世界养猪业健康发展最严重的传染病之一。ASFV是一种大型的DNA病毒,结构复杂,其基因组编码大量蛋白。该论文介绍了ASFV的特性,免疫应答机制如免疫逃逸、体液免疫和细胞免疫,以及基因工程疫苗如减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体活疫苗及DNA疫苗研究的最新进展,并对中国ASF的疫苗研制、防控进行了展望。     

非洲猪瘟疫苗研究进展

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起的家猪和野猪的急性、出血性传染病,强毒株感染猪的致死率接近100%,给养猪业造成巨大经济损失。ASFV在猪群中可以快速有效传播,在环境中可稳定存在,为ASF的防控带来了挑战。研究人员一直致力于ASF疫苗的研究,迄今为止,仍没有有效的疫苗投入市场。综述了ASF灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、病毒活载体疫苗的研究情况,以期为ASF疫苗的有效研发提供参考。     

Ultrastructural changes related to the lymph node haemorrhages in acute African swine fever

In order to determine the pathogenic mechanisms involved in lymph node haemorrhages in acute African swine fever ( ), eight pigs were inoculated with virus, strain Malawi'83. Lymph node haemorrhages were observed from three days post infection (dpi) onwards, coinciding with ASF virus replication in monocytes and macrophages adjacent to stimulated endothelial cells, phagocytic stimulation of capillary and small-vessel endothelial cells, increase in the number of fenestrations of endothelial cells, and endothelial cell loss, as well as clusters of blood cells and necrotic material beneath the endothelium. Vascular lumina were blocked by platelet plugs and fibrin microthrombi. These phenomena became more marked as the disease progressed. At five dpi, virus replication was also found in circulating neutrophils. At seven dpi, lesions were more intense and were accompanied by virus replication in sinus and capillary endothelial cells, and in other cell populations including pericytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibres and reticular cells. The results obtained in this study suggest that lymph node haemorrhages are related to endothelial stimulation and the onset of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Virus replication in vessel wall cells occurs only in the final stages of the disease and plays a secondary role.     

非洲猪瘟背景下猪育种策略探讨

非洲猪瘟给我国养猪业造成巨大损失,也沉重地打击了我国的猪育种工作,虽然目前非洲猪瘟已大大缓解,各核心育种场也逐渐恢复了育种工作,但非洲猪瘟并未消除,未来的育种工作将面临非洲猪瘟常态的挑战。在这样的背景下,我国的猪育种工作应做出针对性的改变,主要体现在：（1）建立严格的永久性的生物安全体系;（2）调整育种目标;（3）自动化、智能化、物联网技术的应用;（4）加快基因组选择技术应用;（5）建设高质量、高度生物安全的种公猪站;（6）利用冷冻精液技术。     

浅谈非洲猪瘟生物安全防控策略

非洲猪瘟是猪的一种急性、烈性传染病,一旦发病,致死率达100%,会给整个养猪业和社会经济造成巨大损失,目前尚没有效疫苗和特效治疗药物,因此非洲猪瘟的生物安全防控对于预防该病的发生具有重要意义。文章从非洲猪瘟的病原学特点流行现状、诊断方法、疫苗研制和生物安全防控要点等几方面进行叙述,旨在为该病的生物安全防控提供一定的理论参考价值。     

养猪场户如何做好非洲猪瘟的防控

非洲猪瘟是一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病^[1],近两年来给我国养猪业带来了灾难性的影响。因此,在当前阶段做好现有养猪场户的防控工作尤为重要。文章结合我国养猪特点和防控形势,从养猪从业者角度介绍了非洲猪瘟的特点、传播方式、综合防控措施及防疫职责,以期为广大生猪养殖者做好非洲猪瘟防控提供参考。     

Research Progress on Molecular Etiology and Pathogenesis for African Swine Fever Virus

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), characterized by acute feature, high fever, high mortality and other characteristics. ASF mainly outbreaks in African, Eastern Europe countries, Russia and Caucasus region. At present, there are no vaccine available and effective control strategies against ASFV spread, therefore, ASF has a serious impact on the pig industry in the affected countries. The major target cells of the virus are swine reticuloendothelial cells and monocyte-macrophage cells. ASFV can result in apoptosis and affect the host's immune system, and then show the characteristics of the corresponding disease. ASFV has the characteristics of large genome, more genotype and more variability. In this paper, the molecular etiology and pathogenesis of ASFV are reviewed, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention and control of ASF.     

非洲猪瘟病毒的分子病原学及致病机理研究进展

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起的一种烈性传染病,具有急性、高热、高病死率等特征,主要暴发于非洲、东欧国家、俄罗斯及高加索地区。目前,该病缺乏有效的疫苗和治疗方法,给病情爆发地区的养猪业造成严重的影响。ASFV的主要靶细胞是网状内皮细胞和单核-巨噬细胞,造成细胞凋亡,影响宿主的免疫系统,进而表现出相应的疫病特征。ASFV具有基因组较大、基因型较多且易变异等特征。文章主要从分子病原学和致病机理方面对ASFV的研究情况进行综述,为ASF的防控提供理论依据。     

猪场生物安全系统要点

建立生物安全体系是猪场防控疾病的前提,也是最经济有效的疫病防治措施。2018年我国发生非洲猪瘟以来,疫情对我国生猪养殖业带来深刻影响,在未来很长一段时间内该病都将是我国猪场的常态化疾病。非洲猪瘟疫情发生后,我国养猪业创新性地提出了系列生物安全防控技术,建立了能够有效应对疫情常态威胁的生物安全技术体系,两年多来的防控实践证明了这些生物安全防控手段的有效性。文章总结了猪场生物安全体系建设和管理中的关键环节及注意事项,希望可以为猪场非洲猪瘟防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟病原学及单克隆抗体制备技术研究进展

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起猪的高度接触性、传染性、出血性以及高死亡率的传染病。20世纪中期以来,已在非洲、欧洲和美洲等数十个国家流行,并在近几年内蔓延至欧亚两洲接壤处的格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆以及俄罗斯境内,其一旦侵入我国,将会给我国养猪业带来极大的危害。非洲猪瘟病原学研究以及制备相应的单克隆抗体对非洲猪瘟病毒快速诊断技术研究和疫苗研制有着重大的现实意义。主要从病原学和单克隆抗体制备方面对非洲猪瘟的研究进展进行了综述。     

养殖场非洲猪瘟防控措施及实践

2018年8月3日,农业农村部发布辽宁沈阳发生全国首例非洲猪瘟。至今,全国32个省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区公布共发生149起非洲猪瘟疫情,超过116万头猪只被扑杀。面对前所未有的非洲猪瘟,目前尚无有效的药物和疫苗预防,养猪行业面临种种危机。文章对非洲猪瘟及其危害做了简要介绍,并提出了防控非洲猪瘟的措施和建议。