10种禾草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽断水方式模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对10种禾草苗期7种抗旱性特征的影响,结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度增加,禾草叶片含水量及相对含水量降低,叶片相对电导率与可溶性糖含量升高,重度干旱胁迫时,草地雀麦、无芒雀麦、苇状羊茅、沙生冰草和草芦根冠比增加,其余草种均有所降低,重度干旱胁迫对禾草株高胁迫指数与干物质胁迫指数影响不大;通过聚类分析可以将10种禾草按苗期抗旱性大小分为3类,强抗旱性禾草有无芒雀麦、草地雀麦、苇状羊茅,中抗旱性禾草有沙生冰草、蓝茎冰草、长穗偃麦草、鸭茅,弱抗旱性禾草有紫羊茅、猫尾草、草芦;通过主成分分析进一步确定10种禾草苗期抗旱性由强到弱的顺序为无芒雀麦>苇状羊茅>草地雀麦>鸭茅>沙生冰草>长穗偃麦草>蓝茎冰草>草芦>猫尾草>紫羊茅.     

不同禾草混播组合对草群密度,结构和产量的影响

针对青南地区牧草品种单一问题,采用多年生禾本科高禾草、矮禾草搭配混播,筛选较理想的牧草品种组合。研究结果表明,在玉树县栽培多年生禾本科牧草,以短芒老芒麦和中华羊茅混播为优;在不同组合混播时,高禾草短芒老芒麦的表现,无论是草群密度还是产草量,都优于无芒雀麦和西伯利亚冰草;矮禾草中以中华羊茅表现较好,与不同高禾草混播后3年时仍能正常地生长发育,而星星草株高下降率为17.75％,鲜叶重仅占草群植株总重的4.2％。     

禾草对禾顶囊壳玉米变种的抗病性研究

利用人工接菌方法测定了10种草坪禾草,包括多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、中华结缕草、硬羊茅、草地早熟禾、加拿大早熟禾、匍匐剪股颖、细弱剪股颖、狗牙根;13种禾本科牧草,包括一年生黑麦草、鸭茅、碱茅、扁穗冰草、沙生冰草、披碱草、老芒麦、杂交小米草、猫尾草、弯叶画眉草、无芒雀麦、百喜草、苏丹草;以及4种禾本科作物,包括燕麦、甜高粱、小麦、玉米对禾顶囊壳玉米变种的抗病性。结果表明,多数供试禾草对其具有免疫能力,多年生黑麦草、一年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾、小麦高度抗侵染;无芒雀麦和玉米具有中等程度的抗侵染能力,但抗侵入能力较差;高粱属的苏丹草和甜高粱中度感病,属于中感作物。多年生黑麦草和草地早熟禾品种间存在着抗病性差异,有免疫品种和高抗品种。     

11种优良坪用禾草对禾草云斑病抗性的初步研究

１９９７～１９９８年选用１１种坪用禾草品种在自然条件下做了对禾草云斑病的抗性鉴定。结果表明,结缕草、细叶结缕草及狗牙根不发病,表现免疫;高羊茅抗病;草地早熟禾、紫羊茅、黑麦草及匍茎剪股颖发病较重,表现感病。     

刈割对羊茅黑麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响

根据种群生命统计分析原理，进行了刈割对羊茅轩麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响的研究。结果表明，羊茅黑草经元芒雀麦有较低的蘖死亡率和较高的蘖出现率，在营养期对刈 茅黑麦草优于繁殖期，应避免频繁强度利用元芒雀麦，羊茅黑草则适合频敏地强度与轻度结合刈牧。     

一种具坪用价值的植物—小颖羊茅

对野生禾草—小颖羊茅（Festuca parvigluma）的植物学、生物学特性等进行了阐述,采用株高、质地、绿度、抗病等草坪指标对其进行了评价。小颖羊茅在株高、叶色、质地、分蘖、耐密集性、均匀性和抗病虫害等方面均具有草坪草的坪用性状,同时其常年绿色、抗旱、耐贫瘠和修剪、易于管理,是一种具有开发潜力的草坪草种质资源。     

三江源区四种栽培禾草抗寒性研究

通过对质膜相对透性、渗透调节物质、内源保护酶系等生理生化指标的测定,对三江源区引种栽培的4种禾草:青海草地早熟禾,青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的抗寒性进行了研究。通过综合指标判定,4种牧草的抗寒能力为青海草地早熟禾最强,然后依次是青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅,无芒雀麦的最弱。     

内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种种子中的分布

对我国部分国产和引进的禾草品种进行了种带内生真菌的检验。自检验的２２属，４８种，８４个种样的国产禾草中，发现６种７个种样的种子中含有内生真菌，按带菌率的高低，它们依次是：产自甘肃山丹县的中华羊茅：１００％；产自甘肃天祝县的紫羊茅：８０％；产自新疆阿勒泰的布顿大麦草：１８％；产自青海省的羊草：１２％；产自甘肃省甘南州的大雀麦：１０％；产自甘肃省的无芒雀麦：６．０％和产自甘肃甘南州的中华羊茅：４．５％     

NaCl胁迫下禾本科草坪草和牧草萌发特性的研究

应用室内培养皿萌发试验,在0和150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下对三个类型草坪草、五个类型牧草的46个品种进行了研究.结果表明,150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下草坪型多年生黑麦草、牧草型一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草的耐盐性较强;草坪型高羊茅、牧草型苇状羊茅次之;雀麦、鸭茅、翦股颖的耐盐性最差.前7d相对发芽率作为鉴定禾草耐盐性指标较好,并鉴定出部分耐盐品种.     

NaCl胁迫下禾本冬草坪草和牧草萌发特性的研究

应用室内培养皿萌发试验,在0和150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下对三个类型草坪草、五个类型牧草的46个品种进行了研究。结果表明,150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下草坪型多年生黑麦草、牧草型一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草的耐盐性较强;草坪型高羊茅、牧草型苇状羊茅次之;雀麦、鸭茅、翦股颖的耐盐性最差。前7d相对发芽率作为鉴定禾草耐盐性指标较好,并鉴定出部分耐盐品种。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.