国内外兽药残留现状及残留监控工作思路

国内外对兽药残留问题一直十分关注,对于兽药残留的现状、危害、原因大家都有一定程度的了解,本文对国内外动物用药残留监控状况进行了全面分析,并提出了今后我国兽药残留监控体系建设发展的思路,供参考。     

兽药与动物性食品安全

介绍了兽药与动物性食品安全的关系,分析了影响动物性食品安全的主要原因:滥用药物、人畜共患病蔓延、重金属和有毒生物素污染.全面介绍了我国兽药残留监控工作概况,包括动物产品的残留监控、修订兽药最高残留限量标准、加强残留检测方法研究、制定兽药使用休药期标准、规范兽药使用、建立兽药残留监测体系等方面的发展概况;指出了我国动物性食品安全方面存在的主要问题和今后加强动物性食品安全管理应采取的主要措施.     

动物产品中兽药残留的原因及控制对策

从兽药质量和违规使用两个方面,对兽药残留的原因进行了分析和阐述.在违规使用兽药方面,主要有非法使用禁用兽药及其它化合物,不遵守休药期规定,超量、超范围用药,违背有关标签的规定等方面.从法规建设、兽药管理、兽药质量标准监控体系、畜牧业生产经营方式、兽药安全教育等5个方面提出了避免兽药残留的控制对策.     

全球猪肉将降低生产成本

近年来我国兽药残留监控体系不断健全，动物性产品兽药残留监控工作取得积极进展。     

国家兽药风险评估体系、兽药评价与再评价体系以及兽药残留监控体系建设

对国内外兽药风险评估、评价与再评价以及兽药残留监控的现状进行了综述;探讨了兽药与食品安全的关系,概述了兽药风险评估、评价与再评价以及兽药残留监控的主要内容和方法;提出了开展三个体系建设的主要内容和建议.     

兽药残留危害及监控对策

论述了动物源食品中兽药残留及其他有害物质污染的来源、危害和残留监控的现状，提出了建立符合我国国情的可溯源的兽药残留监控体系的对策。     

食品安全与兽药残留监控

分析了食品安全与兽药残留监控的关系,全面总结我国兽药残留监控法规体系、工作状况、运行成效及存在的不足,深入分析现行工作机制的优缺点,提出了建立残留风险分析机制,实行从养殖环节到餐桌的全程监控,依法监控,科学监控的措施和建议。     

我国兽药残留监控工作简介

国家对兽药残留监控工作的管理越来越规范化、法制化.本文从法律法规、取样过程、兽药残留检测实验室、企业责任等四个方面介绍了我国兽药残留监控工作的现状,旨在为基层人员更好地开展兽药残留监控工作提供参考.     

兽药残留的危害及原因和控制(下)

本文论述了动物性食品中兽药残留的现状及原因，揭示了兽药残留对人体及环境的影响和危害，提出建立符合我国国情的兽药残留监控体系的对策。     

兽药残留的危害及原因和控制(上)

本文论述了动物性食品中兽药残留的现状及原因，揭示了兽药残留对人体及环境的影响和危害，提出建立符合我国国情的兽药残留监控体系的对策。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

2016年春季山西部分种猪场乳猪暴发流行性腹泻的调查

2016年春季山西部分种猪场乳猪暴发腹泻,通过在山西太原、祁县、介休、昔阳、临汾、翼城、离石、朔州8个地市的10个临床表现腹泻症状的规模化种猪场进行调研,对乳猪病死情况进行了统计分析,并采集39份病死猪的小肠内容物进行猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)检测;同时采集109份血清和85份乳汁进行PEDV IgA抗体检测。结果显示:1—3月份10个猪场共有8 326头乳猪发生腹泻,死亡6 266头,死亡率为75.26%;病原检测PEDV阳性率为64.1%,TGEV阳性率为2.56%;血清中PEDV IgA抗体的阳性率为32.11%,乳汁中PEDV IgA抗体的阳性率为96.47%。病原检测结果表明,2016年春季山西省规模化种猪场乳猪腹泻的主要病原为PEDV,乳汁中PEDV IgA抗体水平与PEDV疫苗免疫效果或野毒感染呈正相关。