牛奶中铅的污染及控制措施

随着工业的发展,空气、水和土壤中铅的含量大幅增加,加大了食品中铅污染的隐患。奶牛摄入、饮用高铅含量的饲料和水都会将其代谢到乳中,因此,消费者对牛奶中铅污染的危害应给予高度关注。对牛奶中铅的存在形式、来源、危害、限量、检测方法、防控措施等进行综述,以期增加消费者对牛奶中铅污染的科学认识。     

奶水牛产犊前后部分肾功能指标的检测及其意义

随着我国社会发展、人民生活水平的提高及消费观念的转变,乳制品的消费迅速增加,从而使各种原料奶需求迅速增长。由于水牛奶在营养成分上与荷斯坦牛奶、羊奶、马奶、牦牛奶相比,含量更高,如：水牛奶总干物质的含量比荷斯坦牛奶高50％,脂肪高2．5倍-3倍,蛋白和矿物质含量也都较高所以更受消费者喜爱。     

牛奶掺假及检测方法研究现状

牛奶含有丰富的营养物质,但是有些不法分子为了降低成本掺假,掺假后会影响牛奶及其制品的品质,并危害消费者健康。因此,对牛奶掺假的准确检测尤为重要。本文介绍了牛奶中掺入水、食用碱、硫化物、铵盐、蔗糖、豆浆等几种常见的掺假物及其检测方法。     

饲养水牛的效益

为了增加奶和肉的产量,应重视水牛的发展.在有河流、池塘、沼泽或其他可供浸水的条件下,水牛比牛更能忍受炎热的夏季高温.同时,水牛对多种危害牲畜的疾病有较强的抵抗力,并能较好地消化利用粗饲料.水牛奶脂肪含量比牛奶高一倍,蛋白质含量和其他有价值的营养物质也大大超过牛奶;而且水牛奶制成的酸乳制品质量更佳.     

水牛奶共轭亚油酸含量及其与乳脂率的相关性研究

对摩拉水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛和杂交水牛全泌乳期的前期、中期和后期的牛奶取样,研究其共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的差异,以及水牛奶的乳脂率与亚油酸(LA)和CLA的相关性,以增加对水牛奶CLA含量性状的认识,并为进一步利用它来在体外提高CLA含量提供基本的技术基础。结果表明,摩拉水牛奶CLA含量显著低于尼里-拉菲水牛奶和杂交水牛奶,后两者的CLA含量差异不显著;水牛奶的乳脂率与LA具有显著相关性,但与CLA无显著相关性,LA与CLA也无显著相关性。     

奶牛挤奶程序中存在的问题

牛奶质量的好坏不仅与乳中脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖等营养成分的含量有关,而且与牛奶的卫生状况,即牛奶中细菌、体细胞以及杂质含量的多少密切相关。卫生状况差的牛奶不仅保质期短、加工特性差、加工出的乳制品质量低劣,而且危害消费者的健康。对消费者来说,他们最关心的是牛奶或牛奶制品是否是在符合卫生要求的环境下生产的。这里所说的符合卫生要求的环境和条件包括:消除牛棚中、挤奶间、牛身上污染牛奶的灰尘;使用能进行彻底清洗和消毒的干净的挤奶设备和贮奶容器;奶牛的健康等。如果在牛奶生产、贮存、运输等环节中的任何一个环节上出了问题…     

微波消解—原子荧光法检测牛奶中的汞

作者采用微波消解氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定牛奶中汞的含量,来探讨测定牛奶中汞的最佳方法。在选定条件下汞的最低检出限为0.06 μg/L,回收率为96%~104%之间,RSD为2.5%。所以本法简单迅速,重现性好,灵敏度、准确度高,适用于牛奶中汞的测定。     

牛奶中抗生素的残留及其检测方法研究现状

抗生素在牛奶中的残留不仅会影响牛奶及其制品的质量,还会对消费者的健康造成一定的危害。本文综述了牛奶中抗生素残留的现状、来源、危害及检测方法,以供参考。     

提高牛奶品质的关键措施

奶牛的好坏．不仅体现在产奶量上．还体现在牛奶的品质上。牛奶中主要成分是水、脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、盐类及微量元素。其中脂肪和蛋白质含量是牛奶两个最重要的质量指标。正常的牛乳各成分含量都有一定的变动范围．但变化最大的是脂肪．其次是蛋白质。牛奶的检验就是根据奶中各主要成分的含量来鉴定等级的。牛奶中脂肪和蛋白质的增加．     

为什么建议购买“有完整包装的鲜奶”而不是“散打的鲜奶”

这是因为：首先散装牛奶是“生牛奶”,由于挤奶、运奶、卖奶卫生条件差,很难保证冷藏要求、有时还难免卖奶时间过长,所以往往容易导致散奶内的细菌大量繁殖,细菌含量高。即使消费者购买后加热煮沸,也难免大量的细菌毒素等对健康产生危害。     

The Effects of Mixed Fruit Flavor Meal on Epithelial Cell Growth and Cycle as well as Milk Composition in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cell

Introduction Milk favored by consumers because milk contain a large number of nutrients,such as protein,amino acids,fat,lactose,a variety of vitamins,immune activity factors,essential minerals and trace elements and so on,and the proportion of these nutrients is very reasonable and easy to digest and absorb,so milk is nearly a perfect food.     

Food safety implications of ochratoxin A in animal-derived food products

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is an important mycotoxin with potential to reach the human food chain through carry-over of contaminated, mostly cereal-based, feed into animal-derived products. Certain population groups, such as infants and children, are intensive and relatively restricted consumers of some animal-derived products, particularly milk and other dairy products, which may become contaminated with OTA. This review examines the literature on the occurrence of OTA in animal-derived products and discusses the public health and food safety implications of consumption of these products. The risk of OTA contamination of meat, milk, blood and derived products is discussed.     

营养和安全因素对北京消费者牛奶产品选购的影响

目的:研究营养和安全因素对牛奶产品选购种类的影响.方法:以自填式问卷调查北京市713名消费者牛奶产品的选购行为,采用SPSS 18.0进行数据分析.结果:购买牛奶的消费者看重其中的营养益处,乳糖不耐和不喜欢牛奶味道是最大的障碍.对健康相关障碍因素的认知虽然抑制了全脂奶的选购意图,但是有利于各类营养成分调整牛奶产品或有机产品的选购.结论:对营养和安全因素的关注促进消费者对多样化健康宣称产品的接受度.     

The Metabolic Changes of the Mixed Fruit Flavor Meal in the Arterio-venous Difference of Dairy Cow Mammary Gland

Introduction Milk favored by consumers because milk contain a large number of nutrients,such as protein,amino acids,fat,lactose,a variety of vitamins,immune activity factors,essential minerals and so on,and the proportion of the nutrients is very reasonable and those nutrients are easy to digest and absorb.So,milk is nearly a perfect food.     

乳制品全生产过程食品安全管控研究进展

乳制品因其丰富的营养和良好的口感获得越来越多消费者青睐,已经成为消费者膳食结构中的重要组成,同时,乳制品的食品安全也是消费者十分关注的焦点问题,因此,管控乳制品食品安全是每个乳制品企业的重中之重。本文综合阐述乳制品生产全过程各环节食品安全管控措施,其中奶源的食品安全需要从牧场建设及管理、养殖活动过程风险控制等方面开展,原辅料的管控需要从验收制度、贮存及上游供应商管控几个方面开展,生产过程管控需要从人员、设备、配料管理及生产环境管控等方面开展。此外还论述了大数据技术在乳制品食品安全风险分析工作中的重要性,以期为相关企业建立及提升自身食品安全管理工作提供参考。     

Paediatric HUS Cases Related to the Consumption of Raw Milk Sold by Vending Machines in Italy: Quantitative Risk Assessment Based on Escherichia coli O157 Official Controls over 7 years

A quantitative risk assessment (RA) was developed to estimate haemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS) cases in paediatric population associated with the consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Italy. The historical national evolution of raw milk consumption phenomenon since 2008, when consumer interest started to grow, and after 7 years of marketing adjustment, is outlined. Exposure assessment was based on the official Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) microbiological records of raw milk samples from vending machines monitored by the regional Veterinary Authorities from 2008 to 2014, microbial growth during storage, consumption frequency of raw milk, serving size, consumption preference and age of consumers. The differential risk considered milk handled under regulation conditions (4°C throughout all phases) and the worst time–temperature field handling conditions detected. In case of boiling milk before consumption, we assumed that the risk of HUS is fixed at zero. The model estimates clearly show that the public health significance of HUS cases due to raw milk STEC contamination depends on the current variability surrounding the risk profile of the food and the consumer behaviour has more impact than milk storage scenario. The estimated HUS cases predicted by our model are roughly in line with the effective STEC O157‐associated HUS cases notified in Italy only when the proportion of consumers not boiling milk before consumption is assumed to be 1%. Raw milk consumption remains a source of E. coli O157:H7 for humans, but its overall relevance is likely to have subsided and significant caution should be exerted for temporal, geographical and consumers behaviour analysis. Health education programmes and regulatory actions are required to educate people, primarily children, on other STEC sources.     

Preliminary studies of the content of lead, cadmium and arsenic in feed, cattle and food of animal origin from different production regions of Saxony]

The modern industrial and agricultural production provides many contact points for the food animals with several toxic substances. After their ingestion by the way of feed or water they may endanger the human health as residues or environmental contaminants in food of animal origin. Currently meat, milk and eggs produced on farms in the new federal states of Germany are considered to be dangerous with respect to their xenobiotic burden by numerous consumers. The own trials have been made to give first information about lead, cadmium and arsenic concentrations in feedstuffs, meat and milk from different dairy farms in Saxonia. No serious problems could be detected referring to the metal contents in roughage, grain and crops. Only a few feed samples reached eg. exceeded the permissible upper limits for arsenic and cadmium. But none of the examined feedstuffs contained inadmissible lead concentration. Milk and muscle produced in a metal polluted and not polluted areas were very low in cadmium, lead and arsenic. Total different is the situation in the cases of liver and kidney. Both organs of cows held on farms near a smelter were rich in cadmium and lead. The cadmium concentration in liver and kidney often and the lead concentration sometimes exceeded the permissible upper limits for food. In this context cadmium in kidney of older cows seems to be a problem in general. The results of the own examinations give no information about differences in the mean metal burden of feed and food between new and old federal states of Germany.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

复原乳鉴别指标的研究进展

复原乳是炼乳和全脂乳粉与水勾兑成的原料乳,随着乳制品需求的增加,往其中掺入复原乳现象日益严重,因此复原乳的检测成为牛乳质量的重要指标之一,被广大生产厂家和消费者所重视。本文重点介绍乳制品中荧光物质、热处理产物、乳果糖含量和蛋白质理化性质等4类复原乳鉴别指标的研究进展。