斯氏艾美耳球虫ADF基因部分序列的克隆与分析

为了获得我国斯氏艾美耳球虫长春株ADF基因并分析其与柔嫩艾美耳球虫长春株相应序列的同源性,试验根据GenBank中公布的柔嫩艾美耳球虫ADF基因序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法获得我国斯氏艾美耳球虫长春株ADF基因部分序列,然后将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中,应用DNAStar软件对测得序列进行序列分析。结果表明:斯氏艾美耳球虫长春株ADF基因大小为357 bp;经DNAStar分析,我国斯氏艾美耳球虫长春株与柔嫩艾美耳球虫长春株ADF核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性均为99.2%。说明ADF基因在进化过程中高度保守。     

多重PCR检测3种鸡球虫方法的建立

根据GenBank中发表的巨型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫TS-1序列,设计了3对引物,建立了这3种球虫的单一PCR和多重PCR检测方法,并分别对单一PCR和多重PCR方法的特异性和敏感性进行了研究,对巨型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫的混合卵囊进行了初步应用.结果显示:单一PCR和多重PCR均能扩增出巨型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫特异性条带,其大小分别为151 bp、463 bp、303 bp,其最小检测浓度为0.5ng,对水牛梭形肉孢子虫、有毒艾美耳球虫、猪源弓形虫汤山株及其田间分离株均不起反应,表明建立的方法具有很强的特异性和较高的敏感性,可望用于巨型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫的诊断和田间种类调查.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株致病性检测及ITS-1基因序列分析

为分析鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)河北株的致病性及其ITS-1基因序列遗传变异特点,对临床分离的柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株通过人工感染雏鸡试验验证其致病性,并计算其半数致死量(LD_(50)),采用RT-PCR对柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株的ITS-1基因进行扩增、克隆,测序后进行生物信息学分析其基因序列变异情况。结果显示:柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株对雏鸡有较强的致病性,其LD_(50)为3.16×10~4个/只;柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株的ITS-1基因与GenBank登录的柔嫩艾美耳球虫ETSH4PF3-17株和柔嫩艾美耳球虫上海株的相似性在97.7%～99.0%之间,系统发育进化树分析显示柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株与GenBank发表的柔嫩艾美耳球虫ETSH4PF3-17株和柔嫩艾美耳球虫上海株聚为一支,亲缘性最近,与其它虫株亲缘性较远;与GenBank发表的柔嫩艾美耳球虫ETSH4PF3-17株序列相比,柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株的ITS-1基因序列中在第4、13、16、425位4个碱基发生缺失;第258、348位2个碱基发生变异,由C变为T,由G变为T。研究结果为进一步研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫河北株遗传变异情况提供参考依据。     

基于ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2序列兔肝球虫PCR检测方法的建立

通过对多种鸡球虫和松鼠球虫18S rRNA和28S rRNA进行序列比对分析,在18S rRNA 3’端和28S rRNA 5’端保守区设计艾美耳属通用引物,以斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株LY卵囊基因组DNA为模板首次成功克隆到斯氏艾美耳球虫完整的ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2序列,其大小为1178bp,其中ITS1序列长度为423bp,5.8S rRNA为155 bp,ITS2为600 bp,斯氏艾美耳球虫LY株ITS1/2序列高度变异,与鸡球虫、啮齿动物球虫的序列同源性低于60%。然后在斯氏艾美耳球虫ITS1/2序列超变区设计种特异引物,建立了灵敏、特异的PCR检测方法。本研究结果将为兔球虫强致病种的临床诊断和揭示兔球虫种群遗传特征提供有效的分子工具。     

不同来源柔嫩艾美耳球虫虫株微线体3基因的克隆和序列分析

以8株不同来源柔嫩艾美耳球虫分离株为研究对象,对其艾美耳球虫微线体3(Eimeria tenella microneme protein,EtMIC3)基因进行了RT-PCR扩增、测序及序列分析,并与GenBank上已发表的柔嫩艾美尔球虫相关序列进行比较,研究EtMIC3基因遗传变异情况。结果获得2976 bp的目的片段,各株与FJ374765.1 CDs的序列相似性在99.8%~99.9%之间,各株之间的序列相似性为99.9%~100.0%,各株编码的氨基酸序列与GenBank登记的柔嫩艾美耳球虫EtMIC3蛋白(ACJ11219)相似性在99.6%~99.9%之间,不同地理来源或耐药性虫株之间没有明显差异。本研究首次对中国EtMIC3基因进行了序列分析,结果显示不同来源株EtMIC3基因高度保守,为有效的疫苗候选因子,为进一步进行柔嫩艾美耳球虫基因工程疫苗构建的研究奠定了基础。     

玉溪市一例散养土杂鸡球虫病的虫种鉴定

为了对云南省玉溪市某散养土杂鸡场一例球虫病例进行虫种鉴定，本试验通过发病情况调查、病理剖检、虫卵检查、虫卵计数、特异性引物PCR扩增、18S rRNA基因序列测序等方法进行检测分析。结果显示：病鸡盲肠粗大肿胀，肠腔内有棕黑色黏液样内容物；虫卵大小在22.922～26.621μm×17.433～19.631μm之间，每个孢子化卵囊含4个孢子囊，每个孢子囊含有2个子孢子，符合柔嫩艾美耳球虫特征；柔嫩艾美耳球虫特异性基因检测为阳性；该虫种18S rRNA基因序列与柔嫩艾美耳球虫序列的同源性最高为99.61%～99.92%，且在进化树上构成一个分支；虫卵计数卵囊数（OPG）为1.7×10⁴。试验表明该鸡场鸡群感染了柔嫩艾美耳球虫，且为中度感染；用磺胺类药物加祛湿中药治疗，疗效显著。     

鸡艾美耳球虫18SrDNA序列与系统进化分析

为了确定鸡艾美耳球虫（Eimeria）不同种以及来自不同地区同种不同株之间的亲缘关系,研究其分类地位,对实验室保藏的柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Etenella）、毒害艾美耳球虫（Eneeatrix）、巨型艾美耳球虫（Emaxima）、堆形艾美耳球虫（Eaaervulina）等4种15株鸡球虫孢子化卵囊的18SrDNA基因进行克隆、测序,并与从GenBank下载的鸡球虫18SrDNA序列一起,使用软件DNAstar 5．0 MegAlign进行系统发育分析。结果显示,4种艾美耳球虫种间同源性在94．6％～99．4％之间,7株柔嫩艾美耳球虫的株间同源性在99．0％-99．9％之间,5株巨型艾美耳球虫的株间同源性在96．9％～99．8％之间。用该4种鸡球虫的18SrDNA序列与GenBank下载的另外4种鸡球虫18SrDNA序列构建系统发育树,显示这8种鸡艾美耳球虫形成2个分支,即堆形艾美耳球虫（EASH）、巨型艾美耳球虫（EMSH）、变位艾美耳球虫（Emivati）、和缓艾美耳球虫（Emitis）、布氏艾美耳球虫（Ebrunetti）、早熟艾美耳球虫（Epraecox）构成1个分支,柔嫩艾美耳球虫（ENSH）、毒害艾美耳球虫（ETAS）构成另1分支。巨型艾美耳球虫、柔嫩艾美耳球虫各株的系统发育树均根据地域关系产生2个分支。柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫的亲缘关系较近,不同地理区域的同种不同株的亲缘关系相对较远,种间和种内的鉴定结果与普通生物学结果一致。本研究提示18SrDNA基因可用于鸡球虫不同种／株的分类鉴定,为艾美耳球虫分子遗传学鉴定提供了理论基础。     

鸡球虫病常用药物辨析

正1病原分析鸡球虫属原生动物门,孢子虫纲.球虫目。目前世界上公认的鸡球虫主要有艾美耳属的七种,即柔嫩艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、布氏艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、早熟艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫。在普通饲养环境下,鸡球虫病多是以两种以上球虫混合感染的情况存     

鸡球虫病的种类与防治

正鸡球虫病是一种严重危害养鸡业健康发展的寄生性原虫病。其病原系顶复器门、孢子虫纲、球虫亚纲、真球虫目、艾美耳亚目、艾美耳科、艾美耳属的球虫。目前世界各国已经记载的鸡球虫种类共有13种之多,我国已发现9种,包括柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、布氏艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫、早熟艾美耳球虫、哈氏艾美耳球虫、变位艾美耳球虫。世界公认的有前7种,其中致病力以柔嫩     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫江苏株微线蛋白-3基因的克隆与序列分析

柔嫩艾美耳球虫微线蛋白-3(EtMIC3)不仅在虫体侵入中起关键作用,而且还决定了球虫侵入部位特异性。为克隆柔嫩艾美耳球虫江苏株的EtMIC3基因,根据GenBank上登录的EtMIC3基因序列设计特异性引物,以子孢子总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR的方法扩增EtMIC3的cDNA序列,将其与pMD19-T连接后送至上海英骏生物技术有限公司测序并进行序列分析。结果表明EtMIC3的开放阅读框(ORF)为2 967 bp,编码988个氨基酸,与GenBank上的EtMIC3基因(登录号:FJ374765.1)比较,核苷酸同源性为99%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为99%。本研究为揭示柔嫩艾美耳球虫入侵和寄生部位特异性的分子机制提供基础,也为柔嫩艾美耳球虫新型疫苗的研制提供候选抗原。     

5株堆形艾美耳球虫线粒体cox3基因的扩增及序列分析

以5株堆形艾美耳球虫为研究对象,对其线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶第Ⅲ亚基(cox3)的部分基因(pcox3)进行了PCR扩增、测序及序列分析,并与GenBank上已发表的顶复门原虫相关序列进行比较,研究其线粒体cox3基因遗传变异情况。结果每个虫株均获得572bp的目的片段,利用DNAStar软件进行序列比对,5株堆形艾美耳球虫线粒体pcox3序列完全一致,与疟原虫和住白细胞虫相应序列的相似性分别为51%和50%,而与泰勒虫的相似性少于50%。本研究首次报道了堆形艾美耳球虫pcox3序列,结果显示不同来源的堆形艾美耳球虫pcox3序列没有差异,与毒力无关,为进一步研究艾美耳球虫的群体遗传学奠定了基础。     

Development of a model ribosomal RNA hybridization assay for the detection of Sarcocystis and other coccidia.

Two regions of the primary structure of the small subunit rRNA of Sarcocystis muris bradyzoites were compared with nucleotide sequences of S. gigantea, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium berghei and Mus musculus and used to design genus- and species-specific probes for the detection and identification of coccidia. Total cellular RNA of purified S. muris, S. cruzi, T. gondii and Eimeria nieschulzi and coccidia-infected tissues of mouse, ox, sheep and pig, were assayed using twenty-base oligomers labelled with 32P. Hybridization occurred at temperatures ranging from 21 degrees C to 41 degrees C or 51 degrees C. One probe detected only S. muris and another successfully hybridized to several members of coccidia, including S. muris, S. cruzi, T. gondii and E. nieschulzi. One ng of total cellular RNA was sufficient to yield detectable hybrids in slot blot assays. The excellent sensitivity suggests that rRNA-based probes are capable of detecting individual parasites, and can assay low levels of coccidial infections not detectable by other methods. The results of this study show that it is possible to customize the specificity of rRNA-based probes for diagnostic, epidemiological or taxonomic purposes.     

斯氏艾美耳球虫ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2序列的克隆及PCR检测方法的建立

通过对多种鸡球虫和松鼠球虫18SrRNA和28SrRNA进行序列比对分析,在18SrRNA 3′端和28SrRNA 5′端保守区设计艾美耳属通用引物,以斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株LY卵囊基因组DNA为模板首次成功克隆到斯氏艾美耳球虫完整的ITS1-5.8SrRNA-ITS2序列,其大小为1 178bp,其中ITS1序列长度为423bp,5.8SrRNA为155bp,ITS2为600bp,斯氏艾美耳球虫LY株ITS1/2序列高度变异,与鸡球虫、啮齿动物球虫的序列相似性低于60%。然后在斯氏艾美耳球虫ITS1/2序列超变区设计种特异引物,建立了灵敏、特异的PCR检测方法。本研究结果将为兔球虫强致病种的临床诊断和揭示兔球虫种群遗传特征提供有效的分子工具。     

Inter- and intra-strain variation and PCR detection of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences of Australian isolates of Eimeria species from chickens

The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of seven species of Eimeria involved in chicken coccidiosis in Australia by comparing internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences, ITS-1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and to apply phylogenetic analysis to assess evolutionary relationships of Australian isolates. Twenty-two distinct ITS-1 regions of 15 Australian Eimeria isolates were sequenced, and analysed using maximum parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods. Poor bootstrap support, resulting from high ITS-1 sequence heterogeneity between all species groups, resulted in polychotomy of the Eimeria species in all three trees generated by these analyses. Percentage identity analyses revealed two distant ITS-1 lineages in both E. mitis and E. maxima at the same levels that separate the two species E. tenella and E. necatrix. One E. maxima lineage consisted of Australian isolates, the other American isolates, with one European sequence (originating from the same isolate) in each lineage. One Australian E. praecox sequence was only distantly related (33% variation) to three E. praecox sequences from Australian and European isolates. Short and long ITS-1 variants were isolated from both E. tenella (cloned line) and E. necatrix isolates with deletions (106 and 73 bp, respectively) in the short variants within the 3' region of the ITS-1 sequence. ITS-1 sequences of strains of both E. brunetti and E. acervulina species varied the least. Apart from E. maxima, all of the ITS-1 sequences of the six remaining individual species clustered to the exclusion of other species in all phylogenetic trees. Published ITS-1 tests for E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti and E. tenella, combined with three new tests for E. mitis, E. praecox and Australian E. maxima amplified all respective Australian isolates specifically in a nested format using conserved ITS-1 PCR products as template to improve the sensitivity. All PCR tests were confirmed against a collection of 24 Australian chicken Eimeria isolates and contaminating species were detected in some instances. In conclusion, once the genetic variation between species and strains is determined, the ITS-1 is a good target for the development of species-specific assays, but the ITS-1 sequences alone do not seem suitable for the confirmation of phylogenetic inferences for these species. This study reports the first attempt at the analysis of the phylogeny and sequence comparison of the Eimeria species involved in chicken coccidiosis in Australia.     

弓形虫ITS及5.8S序列的PCR扩增、克隆及分析

通过对国内来源于不同宿主的ZS人株、SH人株、CN猪株、QH绵羊株4个弓形虫虫株，以及国际标准强毒株RH株的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(ITS)及5．8SDNA序列进行PCR扩增、克隆、测序和序列分析，旨在对国内不同宿主间弓形虫虫株的遗传变异情况进行分析和验证。为分子遗传学和分子诊断学研究提供资料。结果显示：QH绵羊株、ZS人株、SH人株、CN猪株的ITS及5．8S序列完全一致。且与GenBank上注册RH株的ITS及5．8S序列也一致；仅实验室传代保存的RH株的ITS2序列与其它4株的ITS2有2个碱基的差异。结果表明ITS可作为分子标记用于弓形虫与其它原虫的种间鉴定。但不适合用于弓形虫种内遗传变异的研究。     

堆型艾美耳球虫保定株裂殖子3-1E基因的克隆与序列分析

依据GenBank中收录的堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina,E.acervulina)关国株(US)3-1E基因序列,设计特异性引物,以堆型艾美耳球虫保定株裂殖子基因组RNA为模板,利用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增获得3-1E基因序列部分片段,将此片段克隆至pGM-T Easy载体中,经PCR、限制性内切酶鉴定和克隆片段的序列测定、比较,结果表明该克隆片段扩增准确、可靠.序列比较发现,此片段与E.acervulina美国株(US)株、E.acervulina QH株cDNA的核苷酸同源性分别为99.4%和99.6%.     

Cross-reactivities with Cryptosporidium spp. by chicken monoclonal antibodies that recognize avian Eimeria spp

In a previous study, we have developed several chicken monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Eimeria acervulina (EA) in order to identify potential ligand molecules of Eimeria. One of these mAbs, 6D-12-G10, was found to recognize a conoid antigen of EA sporozoites and significantly inhibited the sporozoite invasions of host T lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, some of these chicken mAbs showed cross-reactivities with several different avian Eimeria spp. and the mAb 6D-12-G10 also demonstrated cross-reactivities with the tachyzoites of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidian parasites closely related to Eimeria spp., and especially C. parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in human and mammals. In the present study, to assess that the epitopes recognized by these chicken mAbs could exist on Cryptosporidium parasites, we examined the cross-reactivity of these mAbs with Cryptosporidium spp. using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and Western blotting analyses. In IFA by chicken mAbs, the mAb 6D-12-G10 only showed a immunofluorescence staining at the apical end of sporozoites of C. parvum and C. muris, and merozoites of C. parvum. Western blotting analyses revealed that the mAb 6D-12-G10 reacted with the 48-kDa molecular weight band of C. parvum and C. muris oocyst antigens, 5D-11 reacted the 155 kDa of C. muris. Furthermore, these epitopes appeared to be periodate insensitive. These results indicate that the target antigen recognized by these chicken mAbs might have a shared epitope, which is present on the apical complex of apicomplexan parasites.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA for three species of Eimeria from chickens in Taiwan

Coccidiosis of chickens caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria (Coccidia: Eimeriidae) is an enteric disease that results in great economic losses throughout the world, including Taiwan. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), three species of Eimeria, E. tenella, E. maxima, and E. acervulina have been successfully characterised from chickens in Taiwan. The sizes of PCR products from various isolates representing these three species were between 370 and 580 base pairs (bp). After cloning and sequencing of the PCR products, high nucleotide sequence identity (96.8-100%) was observed within a species. In addition, ITS-2 nucleotide sequences for E. tenella had higher homology (98.5-99.3%) than E. maxima (81.6-96.5%) when compared with appropriate sequences deposited in GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a 412-bp ITS-2 sequence for E. acervulina from chickens.