浙江省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因克隆与序列分析

本研究旨在分析浙江省猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）的遗传变异情况,利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法对2015-2016年浙江省内收集的58份猪腹泻样品进行检测,设计2对特异性引物对16份来自浙江不同地区PEDV阳性样品的S1基因进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定,并应用生物信息学软件对16株PEDV浙江毒株的S1基因进行分析。结果显示,48份样品为PEDV阳性。16个毒株之间S1基因片段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为93.1%~99.8%和92.4%~99.7%,与疫苗株CV777的核苷酸同源性为92.3%~95.7%,氨基酸同源性为90.7%~95.7%。与疫苗株CV777相比,15个毒株在S1基因区域存在着15个核苷酸插入和6个核苷酸缺失。系统进化分析表明,大部分毒株与国内外流行的基因Ⅱ型PEDV毒株亲缘关系较近,15个毒株与2011-2016年中国流行的基因Ⅱ型PEDV毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在96.6%以上;与早期分离的CV777株、LZC株亲缘关系较远,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在93.4%以下;1个毒株（ZJ16NB6）与国内外流行的S-INDEL样毒株较近,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性较高,均在98.4%~99.5%之间。本研究结果表明,2015-2016年浙江省仔猪腹泻主要是由PEDV感染引起的,浙江省流行的PEDV同时存在着基因Ⅱ型和S-INDEL样毒株,但以基因Ⅱ型毒株为主。     

广东省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因的克隆与序列分析

为研究广东省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因的变异情况,于2012-2013年间从广东省不同地区猪场采集56份腹泻病仔猪样本。通过PCR方法扩增到12个样本的PEDV的S1基因序列,并进行序列比对及遗传分析。结果 12个样本PEDV的S1基因序列之间的核苷酸同源性为91.1%~99.6%,氨基酸的同源性为88.5%~99.1%。12个样本PEDV的S1基因序列与国内参考毒株核苷酸的同源性为91.0%~99.9%,氨基酸的同源性为88.5%~99.7%。与国外参考毒株核苷酸的同源性为89.0%~99.7%,氨基酸的同源性为86.5%~99.4%。与经典毒株CV777的核苷酸同源性为91.0%~100.0%,氨基酸的同源性为88.3%~99.9%。其中,仅GD-HY的S1基因与CV777的同源性达100.0%,其他同源性较低。表明近年广东省的PEDV流行毒株以变异株为主,与疫苗株(CV777)的亲缘关系较远。     

浙江省猪流行性腹泻病毒S1基因克隆与序列分析

本研究旨在分析浙江省猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的遗传变异情况,利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法对2015-2016年浙江省内收集的58份猪腹泻样品进行检测,设计2对特异性引物对16份来自浙江不同地区PEDV阳性样品的S1基因进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定,并应用生物信息学软件对16株PEDV浙江毒株的S1基因进行分析。结果显示,48份样品为PEDV阳性。16个毒株之间S1基因片段核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为93.1%~99.8%和92.4%~99.7%,与疫苗株CV777的核苷酸同源性为92.3%~95.7%,氨基酸同源性为90.7%~95.7%。与疫苗株CV777相比,15个毒株在S1基因区域存在着15个核苷酸插入和6个核苷酸缺失。系统进化分析表明,大部分毒株与国内外流行的基因Ⅱ型PEDV毒株亲缘关系较近,15个毒株与2011-2016年中国流行的基因Ⅱ型PEDV毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在96.6%以上;与早期分离的CV777株、LZC株亲缘关系较远,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在93.4%以下;1个毒株(ZJ16NB6)与国内外流行的S-INDEL样毒株较近,核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性较高,均在98.4%~99.5%之间。本研究结果表明,2015-2016年浙江省仔猪腹泻主要是由PEDV感染引起的,浙江省流行的PEDV同时存在着基因Ⅱ型和S-INDEL样毒株,但以基因Ⅱ型毒株为主。     

河南省部分地区猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3和N基因的克隆及其遗传进化分析

为探究河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒部分毒株的遗传进化情况,采用RT-PCR对2017年2月至2018年1月在河南省部分地区猪场收集到的25份PEDV阳性病料进行ORF3和N基因的扩增,并对其进行克隆、序列比对及遗传进化分析。结果显示,PEDV毒株的ORF3基因序列是由675个核苷酸组成的,与经典毒株CV777之间核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为95.2%~97.5%和95.1%~96.9%。N基因之间的核苷酸与氨基酸同源性分别为96.2%~100%和93.8%~99.8%;与经典毒株CV777核苷酸与氨基酸的同源性分别为94.7%~95.8%和93.2%~96.8%。河南部分地区PEDV流行毒株与经典毒株CV777不在同一分支,说明猪场暴发猪流行性腹泻与免疫接种疫苗后依旧难以控制的原因,可能与大多数PEDV河南流行株发生变异有关。     

2017年江西部分地区PEDV分子流行病学调查

为了解江西地区猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的流行和变异情况,本研究利用RT-PCR方法对2017年采自江西省部分地区规模化猪场182份腹泻仔猪小肠组织和粪便样品进行检测,并设计了2对引物对37份阳性病料的S基因进行扩增、克隆及序列测定,以及与GenBank中登录的22株PEDV S基因参考序列进行遗传进化分析。结果显示,37株PEDV江西流行株的S基因序列长为4 158或4 161 bp,编码1 385或1 386个氨基酸,全部为Group 1型,与美国流行毒株较为接近,而与欧洲毒株(Br1/87)及疫苗株(CV777)亲缘关系较远;37株PEDV中有36株为G1-1亚群,1株为G1-2亚群;37株PEDV江西毒株间的S基因核苷酸序列同源性为96.9%～100.0%,氨基酸序列同源性为96.1%～100.0%,与22株参考毒株的核苷酸、氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.7%～100.0%和91.5%～100.0%;相较于CV777疫苗株,PEDV江西流行毒株的S基因存在碱基缺失、插入和位点突变现象。本研究从分子流行病学角度证实了2017年江西部分地区PEDV的流行与变异情况,为指导江西省PEDV的科学防控提供了参考依据。     

我国部分省份猪流行性腹泻病毒M基因的克隆测序及遗传进化分析

为了解我国部分省份猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的遗传进化情况,试验采用RT-PCR方法对2014—2017年采集的源自河南、河北、山西、山东、甘肃、湖北、江西等地区不同猪场的98份腹泻样品进行了PEDV检测,并对25份PEDV阳性样品进行M基因的克隆与测序和遗传进化分析。结果表明:25株M基因序列长度均为618 bp;25株M基因序列间核苷酸同源性为98.2%~100%,其编码的氨基酸序列同源性为97.8%~99.6%,与经典毒株CV777及国内外流行毒株核苷酸同源性为97.7%~98.6%,氨基酸序列的同源性分别为97.8%~98.7%;25株M基因序列与国内外早期分离株(如CV777、CH/S等代表毒株)不在一个进化分支上,与近年来分离株处在一个进化分支上。说明PEDV M基因一直处于变异进化过程中。     

2011—2012年四川省猪流行性腹泻病毒的遗传变异分析

为分析猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的遗传变异情况,本试验从四川省11个市19个不同地区发生仔猪腹泻疾病的猪场采集的病料中分别扩增到8个PEDV(SC-8)ORF3和部分S基因序列,将其进行比对和遗传演化分析。结果显示,SC-8的ORF3基因包含674~676个碱基,编码224个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的国内外地方流行株的核苷酸序列同源性为95.7%~99.9%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.2%~100%,与标准毒株CV777相比,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列除存在点突变现象外,部分序列还存在核苷酸的插入和缺失性突变;部分S基因扩增长度为981bp,编码327个氨基酸,与国内外参考毒株的核苷酸序列同源性为93.2%~99.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为93.5%~100%,与标准毒株CV777相比,四川-绵阳(SCMY)分离株在92~93nt之间存在1个核苷酸插入,在2~29aa之间也有18个氨基酸发生了突变;系统进化树分析表明,8株PEDV ORF3基因均与野毒株亲缘关系较近,而与弱毒疫苗株亲缘关系较远;SC-8的部分S基因均与国内地方流行毒株亲缘关系较近,而与国外分离株的亲缘关系较远。     

7株猪流行性腹泻病毒M基因的克隆与分析

采用RT-PCR方法对2012-2014年收集的7份四川规模化猪场送检猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)的阳性临床样品中病毒M基因进行扩增,纯化回收目的片段后连接到pMD19-T载体,经序列测定与GenBank收录的30条PEDV参考毒株的序列进行核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析、构建系统进化树。结果显示,7株PEDV四川株间核苷酸以及氨基酸同源性分别高达98.4%~99.9%和97.4%~99.1%,与参考株之间的核苷酸以及氨基酸同源性分别是95.7%~99.9%和95.2%~99.6%,PEDV四川株与国内外近3年的PEDV毒株均在系统进化树上的同一分支,亲缘关系较近,而经典毒株CV777与国内早期PEDV株处于另外一个分支。表明目前流行的PEDV M基因与往年相比出现一定的变异,但是仍相对稳定。     

6株猪流行性腹泻病毒贵州株S基因序列分析

为了解贵州省猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)S基因的特点,掌握其遗传变异情况,本试验设计3对特异性引物对6株PEDV贵州株S基因进行全基因RT-PCR扩增、克隆及序列测定;应用生物信息学软件将6株PEDV贵州流行株与参考毒株进行同源性与系统进化分析。结果显示,6株PEDV贵州流行株S基因的全基因长为4 161bp,编码1 387个氨基酸,与国内外PEDV参考毒株核苷酸同源性在93.3%~98.8%之间,氨基酸同源性在91.6%~98.9%之间;进化树分析结果显示,6株流行毒株与美国毒株、越南毒株和山东毒株亲缘关系较近;与CV777株、LZC、Brl、83P-5亲缘关系较远。结果表明,PEDV贵州地方流行毒株S基因编码的氨基酸存在一定程度变化,近年来呈现变异趋势。本研究可为贵州省PEDV的防控提供一定的理论依据。     

河南省2014-2015年猪流行性腹泻病毒流行株遗传进化分析

为监测和探究河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)流行株变异情况,本试验对15株2014-2015年间河南省PEDV流行株S基因进行克隆及全序列测定,与河南省2011-2013年流行株以及国内、外代表毒株进行同源性及遗传变异分析,并对这些毒株S基因的N-糖基化位点及跨膜螺旋区域进行预测。结果表明:本试验得到的15株毒株之间S基因核苷酸同源性为97.0%~99.8%,氨基酸同源性为97.0%~99.5%;与2011-2013年河南流行株核苷酸同源性为97.1%~99.0%,氨基酸同源性为97.2%~98.8%,与其他地区流行毒株核苷酸同源性为92.2%~99.0%,氨基酸同源性为91.9%~99.0%;与经典毒株相比,S1区域N端存在15bp的插入和6bp的缺失,核苷酸同源性为91.7%~93.6%,氨基酸同源性为92.0%~93.6%。系统发育建树结果显示目前的流行毒株与经典毒株处于不同的2个群,流行毒株分处不同亚群。对N-糖基化位点及跨膜螺旋区域的预测得知2014-2015年河南省PEDV与经典株相比出现变异,与2010年暴发时相比存在部分突变,毒株之间存在部分差异,研制出有效的针对流行毒的疫苗依然是目前防控该病的重中之重。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.