阿拉善马鹿冬季肠道菌群组成的性别差异

肠道菌群对于动物消化及健康有着至关重要的作用,但在性别差异上的研究仍然有限。本研究通过高通量测序技术对贺兰山阿拉善马鹿(Cervus elaphus alashanicus)的20个粪便样本进行多样性分析,雌雄各半,并讨论性别因素对肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,阿拉善马鹿雌雄肠道菌群的多样性及结构均存在差异,且雌性肠道菌群的多样性更高。菌群构成的门水平上,雄性肠道菌群的优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes 49.47%)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia 14.21%),雌性肠道优势菌门为厚壁菌门(54.47%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria 54.41%)。在属水平上,雌雄肠道菌群的优势菌属都为孢杆菌属(Sporobacter),含量为(雌性:6.79%,雄性:7.97%),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),含量为(雌性:3.87%,雄性:4.42%),NMDS分析及LEfSe分析表明,性别因素对阿拉善马鹿雌雄肠道菌群的影响存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究表明性别因素对阿拉善马鹿冬季肠道菌群的多样性及构成存在影响,可为深入研究性别因素对阿拉善马鹿肠道菌群的影响提供依据。     

核桃青皮水提物对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群结构的影响

试验旨在研究核桃青皮水提物对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群丰度和多样性的影响,初步揭示核桃青皮水提物对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群结构的影响。选取240只1日龄本地土杂鸡,随机分为2组,1个对照组和1个试验组,每个组设4个重复,每个重复30只。试验组于28日龄开始在饮水中添加核桃青皮水提物,6周后,每个重复采集10份肉鸡肛门棉拭子,利用Illumina Miseq测序平台对微生物16S rDNA V3-V4区扩增产物进行双端测序,分析微生物群落结构多样性。高通量测序结果显示,所有样本共含有个17菌门和48个菌属;多样性指数分析结果表明,饲喂核桃青皮水提物的肉鸡肠道菌群丰富度增加。从门水平分析,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）丰度升高了2.21%（P > 0.05）,变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度降低了2.22%（P > 0.05）;从属水平上分析,大肠杆菌属（Escherichia）丰度降低了5.35%（P < 0.05）,肠球菌属（Enterococcus）丰度升高了9.63%（P < 0.05）。本研究结果表明,饲喂核桃青皮水提物后肉鸡肠道菌群多样性显著增加（P < 0.05）,据此推测,核桃青皮水提物能有效调节肉鸡肠道菌群并有益于肠道健康。     

应用Sry-PCR扩增鉴定狍(Capreolus capreolus)的性别

根据人的SRY基因核心序列设计合成1对引物C1、C2，应用PCR技术对野生狍(Capreolus capreolus)Sry基因(哺乳动物Y染色体DNA雄性特异区)进行扩增．结果在野生狍雄性样本扩增出1条带(221bp)．而在雌性样本未见扩增带．显示了Sry基因的性别特异性。应用这1对引物对42个未知性别狍肌肉组织样本进行了性别鉴定．结果雄性22个，雌性20个。对Sry-PCR产物克隆测序，得到185bp的Sry基因部分核苷酸序列。本试验为狍种群性别比率及其种群动态变化机制研究提供了资料。     

低pH值养殖水对罗非鱼肠道菌群结构的影响

为了解养殖水低pH值对罗非鱼肠道菌群结构的影响,试验将36尾驯化后的吉富罗非鱼随机分为两组(空白组和处理组),每组3个重复,每个重复6尾,空白组养殖水pH值≈7.0,处理组养殖水pH值≈4.0,试验期为14 d,试验结束后提取两组肠道微生物基因组DNA,扩增16S rDNA基因,利用Illumina Miseq PE300平台进行测序后,对两组的肠道菌群的Alpha多样性指数、物种组成及优势菌群和差异菌群进行分析,并进行PICRUSt2功能预测和BugBase表型预测。结果表明：处理组肠道微生物的香农指数显著高于空白组(P<0.05),辛普森指数显著低于空白组(P<0.05),群落丰富度指数两组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。空白组和处理组肠道中菌门数量分别为22个和28个,共有的菌门数为18个;空白组和处理组肠道中菌属数量分别为235个和373个,共有的菌属数为137个;空白组和处理组肠道中扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)数量分别为458个和791个,共有的ASVs数量为162个。在门水平上,处理组和空白组的优势菌群均...     

狍Sry基因PCR扩增的初步研究

为研究狍性别决定机制,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对野生狍(Capreoluscapreolus)(n♀=2,n♂=2)Sry基因(哺乳动物Y染色体DNA雄性特异区)进行扩增。根据人的SRY基因核心序列设计合成了1对引物1,2。结果在野生狍雄性个体中扩增出1条带,大小约为220bp,而在雌性个体中未见扩增带,表明了Sry基因的性别特异性,为探讨野生狍的性别决定机制提供了分子资料。     

微生物制剂对小龙虾肠道菌群结构的影响北大核心

研究旨在探索微生物制剂对小龙虾肠道菌群结构的影响。利用从小龙虾肠道中分离得到的枯草芽孢杆菌CP-3,制备CP-3菌剂,结合乳酸菌菌剂、酵母菌菌剂制备微生物制剂;采用含微生物制剂的饵料投喂小龙虾,高通量测序分析小龙虾肠道菌群结构变化。结果显示,与未添加微生物制剂组相比,微生物制剂组的小龙虾肠道内细菌生物多样性和物种丰富度均明显增加,肠道内菌群结构也改变较大。各组小龙虾肠道的优势菌群均为变形菌门,微生物制剂组小龙虾的厚壁菌门细菌含量由6.10%提高至14.21%,有害菌群弧菌属数量由10.11%降低至4.68%。研究表明,投喂微生物制剂饵料可影响小龙虾肠道细菌群落的生长,小龙虾肠道菌群更趋向丰富和稳定。     

中药复方对育肥猪血清氧化指标及肠道菌群的影响

选取体质量相近,10周龄左右的育肥猪20头,随机均分为2组,中药组和对照组。中药组饲粮中添加0.5%的中药复方,对照组不加。采集猪血液和粪便样本,分别用试剂盒和454测序平台检测抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量及肠道菌群的变化。结果显示,中药复方组猪血清中MDA含量显著低于对照组,还原性谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性显著高于对照组。同时,在肠道菌群多样性方面,中药复方可以显著改善猪肠道微生物在科和属水平上的多样性,特别是提高有益菌(乳酸杆菌属)的丰度比例。这表明中药复方促进动物生长的可能机制是通过提高机体抗氧化能力和改变肠道菌群的多样性来实现的。     

家禽肠道菌群多样性及其调控机制研究进展

定植于家禽消化道的微生物菌群对家禽的生产和健康都具有十分重要的作用。概述家禽肠道微生物菌群的形成与分布,总结维持肠道菌群多样性对家禽营养、免疫、代谢和生产性能的作用,并综述饲粮、酶制剂、抗生素和益生菌对家禽肠道微生物多样性的调控机制,为进一步深入研究家禽肠道菌群提供参考。     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道菌群及其酶活特征分析

旨在探究年龄对大熊猫个体肠道微生态的影响。本研究采集大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)(J_1(亚成年大熊猫个体)、J_2(成年大熊猫个体)、J_3(老年大熊猫个体))的新鲜粪便,基于16S rRNA基因技术,测定不同年龄的大熊猫个体肠道细菌组成,分析其物理和化学特征及酶活特异性,利用冗余分析(redundant analysis,RDA)分析大熊猫肠道微生物菌群丰度与其环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:在门水平上,变形菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而升高,厚壁菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;在属水平上,链球菌属的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力在J_2肠道最高,淀粉酶活力在J_3肠道最低,纤维素酶活力在J_1肠道最低,蛋白酶活力在J_1肠道最高,在J_3肠道最低;厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度均与淀粉酶活力和还原糖含量呈正相关,变形菌门的相对丰度与还原糖含量和氨基酸含量呈负相关。研究表明,不同年龄大熊猫个体的肠道微生物菌群的表现特征不同,其肠道细菌优势菌的相对丰度与其消化酶等环境因子存在相关性;建议需对亚成年大熊猫加强饮食和生活环境管理,并可以通过添加益生菌等方式加强对老年大熊猫肠道健康的管理。     

圈养条件下狍种群遗传多样性分析

为了解圈养条件下长白山狍的遗传多样性现状,试验采用基因克隆方法对长白山6个狍样本线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列进行测定,初步探讨圈养条件下长白山狍种群的遗传结构及与西伯利亚狍、欧洲狍的遗传分化问题。结果表明:在6个狍样本mtDNA Cytb基因序列中共检测到21个核苷酸多态位点,其多态位点的比例为1.85%,6个个体具有4种单倍型。圈养狍种群的遗传多样性水平较低,建议制订更有效的繁殖计划对圈养种群进行保护,避免近亲杂交。     

冬季不同饲养模式下哈萨克马肠道菌群多样性研究

不同饲养模式对哈萨克马肠道菌群有何影响鲜有报道,本文通过对比自由放牧和圈养状态下哈萨克马粪便菌群组成和标志物种,揭示哈萨克马肠道菌群在不同饲养模式下的波动性变化。采集自由放牧和圈养条件下各5匹哈萨克马的新鲜粪便,利用高通量测序技术分析哈萨克马肠道菌群组成、功能途径等。结果显示,放牧组肠道菌群多样性显著高于圈养组（Shannon指数,P<0.05;Simpson指数,P<0.01）;放牧组标志物种显著多于圈养组。在门水平上,放牧组和圈养组的厚壁菌门（76.10%;78.08%）和拟杆菌门（17.16%;15.72%）丰度较高,均占总菌群的93%以上。在科水平上,放牧组以分解/发酵纤维素的菌群（瘤胃球菌科,30.44%;毛螺菌科,21.96%;艰难杆菌科,4.86%）为主;圈养组中分解/发酵纤维素的瘤胃球菌科（28.73%）和毛螺菌科（14.51%）以及消化淀粉类碳水化合物的链球菌科（15.08%）为优势菌科,且链球菌科的丰度显著高于放牧组（P<0.05）。对功能基因序列进行功能注释时,77.44%的序列被注释为“代谢”。结果表明,由不同饲养模式介导的两组中,自由放牧组菌群多样性高于圈养组,且菌群消化类型更为统一,两组肠道菌群组成存在整体性差异,这些为进一步研究哈萨克马肠道菌群奠定了理论基础。     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Galicia (NW, Spain)

Faecal samples from 224 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 381 wild boars (Sus scrofa) shot during the 2008-2009 hunting season (August-January) in Galicia (NW Spain) were examined to determine the presence and intensity of infection by Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Analysis of a single sample from each of the roe deer revealed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis was 1.3% and 5.3% respectively. The prevalence of Giardia infection was significantly higher in juvenile female roe deer than in adult females, but no other significant differences were found in relation to age and sex. In wild boars, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis was 7.6% and 1.3% respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was significantly higher in juvenile male wild boars than in adult males, but no other significant differences were found in relation to age or sex. In both groups of wild animals, the number of Cryptosporidium oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) ranged from 5 to 200 and the number of Giardia cysts per gram of faeces (CPG) was between 5 and 47; there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to number of infections. This is the first large study of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in roe deer and wild boars in hunting areas in Spain and the results demonstrate a low, but widespread prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these animals.     

黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区西伯利亚狍的冬季食性

2011年11月~2012年1月,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法研究了西伯利亚狍的冬季食性,结果表明:西伯利亚狍冬季采食的植物类别共有17科25种,主要食物为粗茎鳞毛蕨、白桦、毛榛子、山杨和刺五加,可辨认的每种植物相对密度(RD)分别为36.01%、12.10%、7.24%、6.22%、6.07%,共占食物组成比例的65.29%。取食植物类别中,乔木植物所占比例最高,为47.76%,灌木次之,为14.94%,草本最少,为37.30%。计算出的Shannon-Wiener指数H'值为-3.25;均匀度指数J'值为-1.01;生态位宽度B值为7.12。     

黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区兽类多样性及东北虎猎物资源

为了深入了解黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区兽类组成及东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)猎物资源现状,于2016—2018年在保护区内布设40个红外相机监测点和7个大样方调查兽类多样性和分析东北虎主要猎物资源。相机监测累计照相日12250个,共获得有效独立照片1139张,从中鉴定出野生兽类4目8科17种,其中国家一级重点保护动物有东北虎和东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)。样方调查记录到兽类足迹261条,足迹识别出兽类4目7科10种,其中包括国家一级重点保护动物东北豹1种,东北虎主要猎物野猪(Sus scrofa)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)和梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)4种。兽类物种相对丰富度分析表明,相对丰富度最高的是西伯利亚狍和狗獾(Meles leucurus),赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)和东北豹最低。猎物资源分析表明,保护区内分布有西伯利亚狍681只,野猪510只,马鹿35只,梅花鹿27只,4种动物的生物量分别为西伯利亚狍生物量为20210.94 kg,野猪生物量为64735.00 kg,马鹿生物量为6023.25 kg,梅花鹿生物量为1635.00 kg,保护区东北虎可捕食的主要猎物生物量为92604.19 kg。研究表明,保护区内兽类种类虽然较多,但东北虎、东北豹、梅花鹿和马鹿数据仍然较少,需要重点加强保护。     

Electrophoretic patterns and immunoglobulin G levels in mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

Serum protein and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were measured from 16 healthy mouflons (Ovis orientalis musimon) and from 28 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in French and Catalonian populations. Electrophoretic patterns were described for each species. The only significant gender-related difference was increased beta-globulins in French roe deer males. Significantly increased alpha1-globulin levels and decreased IgG levels occurred in the young Catalonian roe deer compared with adults from the same group. Values for total proteins, beta-globulins, gamma-globulin, and IgG were significantly higher in the French roe deer, while albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were higher in the Catalonian roe deer. Both populations had the same relative migration distances of the various protein fractions of the electrophoresis.     

Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two coccidian parasites with a worldwide distribution. T. gondii is one of the more common parasitic zoonoses in the world and in young children and immunocompromised persons, infection can lead to severe disease and death. N. caninum is an important cause of abortions in cattle. Wildlife have been identified as reservoirs and transmitters for both parasites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences of T. gondii, and N. caninum in moose (Alces alces), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden. Blood samples were collected from 417 moose during 2000-2005 and from 199 roe deer during 1990-2007. The samples were investigated for presence of antibodies by a T. gondii direct agglutination test and a N. caninum iscom ELISA. Because the iscom ELISA has not been validated for moose or roe deer, sera that gave a positive result were further investigated by immunoblot analysis to verify presence of antibodies. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 85 (20%) and 68 (34%) moose and roe deer sera, respectively. In moose the seroprevalence was higher in south and central Sweden than in the north, whereas there was no difference between the regions for roe deer. Adult moose and roe deer had higher odds of being seropositive than young animals but there were no difference in seroprevalence between males and females. One roe deer was positive by immunoblotting and was regarded as N. caninum positive, whereas all moose sera were negative. The results show that T. gondii infection is widely spread in the Swedish moose and roe deer populations. Precautions should therefore be taken when handling internal organs and carcasses of harvested cervids. Proper handling and cooking of game meat also is important to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans.     

Liver microsomal biotransformation of albendazole in deer, cattle, sheep and pig and some related wild breeds

Albendazole (ABZ) biotransformation was studied in vitro in liver microsomes of adult noncastrated male farm animals (ram, buck, bull and boar), castrated adult males (wether, billy and hog), and free living males (fallow buck, red deer stag, mouflon ram, roe buck and wild boar). Liver microsomal fractions were incubated with either ABZ or racemic albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO). ABZ was extensively metabolized to the (+) and (-) enantiomers of ABZSO, whereas ABZSO underwent a slow oxidation to albendazole sulphone (ABZSO2) in all species. In all species both ABZSO enantiomers were detected. The chiral ratio, (+)-ABZSO/(-)-ABZSO, was greater than one in farm animals, mouflon and wild boar, and less than one in three species of deer. For total ABZ sulphoxidation, deer like species had lower values compared to the other species. Mouflon ram and ram had lower total sulphoxidation rates compared to wethers, as well as ABZ suphoxidation towards (+)-ABZSO. No significant difference occurred comparing ABZSO formation in mouflon ram and ram, but ABZSO2 formation rate in mouflon ram was higher than in rams and wethers. Roe deer stag, fallow buck and red deer stag did not differ in both total-ABZSO and (-)-ABZSO synthesis rates and roe deer stag and fallow buck did not differ in synthesis rates of (+)-ABZSO and ABZSO2. The bull differed from other species in all metabolites studied, except for red deer stag and boar in (-)-ABZSO synthesis rate. The extent of ABZSO sulphonation to ABZSO2 in bull microsomes was more than twice that of other species.     

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from Norway

Serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in Norway were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. The association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. Positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (Alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (Cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The seroprevalences were significantly different between the species. There was a significant increase in prevalence with age in roe deer, moose, and red deer, except from yearling to adult in red deer. A significant age-sex interaction was found in moose, and the effect of age was most distinct for females. No association between seropositive animals and sex was found for roe deer and red deer. There were significant differences in prevalence between geographic regions in roe deer and male moose. A widespread exposure to T. gondii in Norwegian cervids is documented, and meat from Norwegian cervids, particularly roe deer, should be regarded a potential source of infection for humans.     

黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区西伯利亚狍冬季食性分析

采用粪便显微分析法对2011年11~12月从三江国家级自然保护区内西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)活动区域中采集的16个粪便复合样本进行镜检,并采用频率转换法对数据进行处理,结果表明:三江国家级自然保护区冬季狍取食种类为10科16种(属),取食植物类别中,乔木植物所占比例最高,为68.97%,灌木为21.02%,草本为10.04%。RD(相对密度)1%的植物共有5种,其中,白桦(40.87%)、毛榛子(20.46%)、蒙古栎(18.27%)、江柳(11.47%)、黄豆秸秆(6.00%)占狍冬季植物总量的97.07%,为狍冬季的主要食物。取食食物各科中,桦木科所占比例最大,为58.60%,其次为壳斗科和杨柳科,分别为19.00%和12.39%。并计算得出食物多样性指数H'为-2.16,均匀性指数J'为-0.79,食物生态位宽度B值为5.13。