抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒多克隆抗体的制备及其生物活性的鉴定

本试验将商品化疫苗株H120鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)直接免疫大白兔进行抗IBV全病毒粒子多克隆抗体的制备,通过琼扩试验及酶联免疫吸附试验检测其抗体效价,同时利用免疫组织化学、免疫荧光及Western blotting技术检测了所制备多抗血清的生物活性。试验结果表明,制备得到的多抗血清具有很高的抗体效价,同时能够与不同形式的IBV相关抗原发生特异性结合。     

狂犬病病毒核蛋白在Bac-To-Bac/AcMNPV杆状病毒系统的表达

为真核表达狂犬病病毒的核蛋白,本研究通过RT-PCR克隆狂犬病病毒ERA株核蛋白基因,将其克隆于杆状病毒转移载体pFastBacHTB中,构建重组质粒pFastBacHTB-NP并将其转化DH10Bac细胞,得到重组穿梭质粒reBacmid-NP;通过转染昆虫细胞sf9包装重组杆状病毒。SDS-PAGE、western blot和间接免疫荧光对表达的蛋白进行鉴定和反应原性分析。分别以重组杆状病毒表达的核蛋白、原核表达核蛋白为包被抗原进行ELISA检测。结果表明,在昆虫细胞中表达的狂犬病病毒重组核蛋白能与鼠抗RV核蛋白单克隆抗体和RV阳性血清特异性结合,其相对分子量约为50.5ku。以重组杆状病毒表达的核蛋白为抗原建立的rNP-ELISA的敏感性、特异性、符合率分别为86.36%,89.83%,90.00%,优于大肠杆菌表达的RV核蛋白。说明杆状病毒系统表达的核蛋白是建立RV核蛋白ELISA抗体检测方法的理想抗原。     

禽流感抗体斑点—ELISA诊断技术的研究

以混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜为固相载体,用自制的禽流感全病毒抗原和酶标抗体,建立了禽流感抗体斑点 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 检测法,其抗原最适包被量为 ０．０６μｇ／点;血清抗体最佳稀释度为 １１００;酶标抗体作 １２００ 稀释;出现明显清晰的斑点者判为禽流感抗体阳性。该方法对 Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ鸡血清及新城疫、传染性法氏囊病等其它 １１ 种鸡疫病阳性血清均为阴性,对不同亚型特异性的禽流感病毒（ Ａ Ｉ Ｖ）分型血清、琼扩（ Ａ Ｇ Ｐ）阳性血清及血凝抑制（ Ｈ Ｉ）阳性而 Ａ Ｇ Ｐ疑似的血清样品均呈阳性;对人工接种 Ａ Ｉ Ｖ 的 Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ鸡第 ３ 天即能检出抗体阳性,第 ５～１１７ 天可全部检出。与间接 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 法比较,不仅其特异性、敏感性、重复性相一致,而且结果可用肉眼判定,更适合现地禽流感抗体监测及流行病学调查。     

禽流感抗原快速检测试纸条的研究

应用胶体金标记技术(Immunogold Labelling Technique)与免疫层析技术,在玻璃纤维膜和硝酸纤维膜的检测线(T)和对照线(C)上分别喷上胶体金AIV单克隆抗体(Ab2)偶联物和AIV单克隆抗体(Ab2)-羊抗鼠IgG多克隆抗体,制成禽流感抗原检测试纸条。用该试纸检测“AIV琼扩抗原”、“AIV H5N1抗原”、“AIV H7N1抗原”、“AIV H9N1抗原”均显阳性,而对禽源性的其它病毒抗原均显阴性;本试纸与韩国产“禽流感检测试纸条”同时检测相同的样品,结果完全一致,且具有很好的线性(敏感度),是一种微量、特异、快速、简便和结果容易判定的新的检测方法,可作为检测机构和养禽场检测初筛禽流感时使用。     

禽流感病毒核蛋白基因在重组杆状病毒中的表达

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法成功地扩增了我国禽流感病毒分离株Ａ／Ｘｉｎｇｊｉａｎｇ／１／９６（Ｈ１４Ｎ５）的核蛋白（ＮＰ）基因,其限制性内切酶图谱和核苷酸序列与鸭源的标准Ｈ１４Ｎ５毒株几乎完全一致,与其它毒株则有较大差异,说明该鸡源分离株与鸭源毒株有非常近的亲缘关系。将ＮＰ基因定向克隆到杆状病毒转移载体ｐＶＬ１３９３中,再与杆状病毒线性ＤＮＡ（ＢＡＣ－Ｎ－ＢｌｕｅＤＮＡ）共转染于Ｓｆ９昆虫细胞中,经过三次蚀斑筛选,获得重组病毒ｒＢ２。用其细胞表达产物裂解后作ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ蛋白电泳、Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ和ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ,结果表明ＮＰ基因在杆状病毒系统中获得了表达。同时用表达产物作琼脂扩散试验,结果表明表达产物与现行标准禽流感琼扩抗原具有相同的生物学活性。     

鸭坦布苏病毒抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立快速检测鸭坦布苏病毒(DTV)的血清学方法,本研究利用纯化的DTV奉贤株(FX2010)作为包被抗原,建立了检测DTV血清抗体的间接ELISA方法,并且对各种检测条件进行了优化。优化后确定的抗原最适包被浓度为1.675μg/孔,抗原最佳包被条件为37℃放置2 h后,4℃下过夜,血清的最佳稀释度为1∶200,酶标抗体最适稀释度为1∶2 000。在优化条件下,阴阳性临界值判定标准为0.432。用建立的间接ELISA方法对禽流感病毒、新城疫病毒、网状内皮增生病病毒、I型鸭肝炎病毒、呼肠孤病毒、禽白血病病毒阳性血清进行了检测,均无交叉反应,表明该方法具有良好的特异性。批内和批间重复试验的最大变异系数分别为2.9%和3.9%,显示该方法具有很好的稳定性。用间接ELISA方法对140份疑似鸭坦布苏病血清样品进行检测,有108份样品呈现阳性,而琼扩试验只有32份呈阳性结果,而且用该方法检测的阳性样品包括了琼扩试验的阳性样品,证明该方法具有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究快速检测DTV抗体间接ELISA的建立为该病的诊断和流行病学调查提供了新的方法。     

检测马传贫病毒跨膜蛋白主要免疫决定区抗体间接ELISA诊断方法的建立

本试验以纯化的重组马传贫病毒跨膜蛋白主要免疫决定区蛋白作为诊断抗原建立了间接ELISA诊断方法，确定其最佳工作条件为每孔包被重组抗原2仙g，兔抗马IgG酶标抗体以1：4000，血清以1：40倍稀释，底物作用时间为10 min；判定标准为P／N值大于2，且OD值大于0．2的血清为阳性，否则判为阴性。本试验所建立的诊断方法与琼扩试验以及以琼扩抗原作为包被抗原的ELISA试验进行了比较，表明该诊断方法敏感性更高。特异性和重复性试验表明该诊断方法具有良好的特异性和重复性。通过对4匹马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗免疫马血清抗体的检测，发现均在接种2周后可产生抗马传贫病毒跨膜蛋白主要免疫决定区相应抗体。此抗体一直持续存在到本试验检测的免疫后17个月，且效价较高。，用此方法检测203份马血清样品，其中161份呈抗体阳性，还检测了马传贫自然感染马血清93份，结果全部为阳性。     

禽流感病毒同义NP蛋白的原核表达及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立通用型禽流感病毒(AIV)快速检测方法,本研究将合成的同义NP (ConsNP)基因克隆于pET30a中,利用大肠杆菌系统进行原核表达,以纯化重组ConsNP蛋白作为包被抗原,建立了检测AIVNP抗体的间接ConsNP-ELISA方法,并优化了反应条件.结果表明:抗原包被量为1μg/孔;封闭剂为5％脱脂乳;一抗血清稀释度为1∶200; HRP标记的兔抗鸡IgG(酶标二抗)稀释度为1∶20 000;阴阳性临界值为:OD49nm值＞0.239.该间接ELISA方法与其他亚型AIV阳性血清均呈阳性反应,与新城疫病毒,马力克病病毒,禽传染性囊病病毒阳性血清无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性和敏感性.本研究为进一步研制通用型的禽流感ConsNP-ELISA检测试剂盒奠定了基础.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒重组核蛋白作为检测抗原的初步应用

为确定猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）重组N蛋白作为检测抗原的可应用性,将N基因克隆至pProHTa载体,构建重组表达载体,而后转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞并诱导表达。将表达的可溶性融合蛋白经Ni^＋亲和层析柱纯化,并对其进行Western blot、dot-ELISA、间接ELISA等免疫学实验分析。结果表明,重组N蛋白具有良好的抗原性和较高的敏感性,与其他腹泻病病毒的抗血清无交叉反应。因此,猪流行性腹泻病毒重组N蛋白作为检测抗原在监测病毒感染及评价疫苗免疫效果方面具有较高的应用价值,是代替全病毒作为检测抗原的良好抗择。     

禽流感病毒重组核蛋白ELISA诊断技术的研究

用表达禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）核蛋白基因的杆状病毒感染Ｓｆ９昆虫细胞。以其表达产物制备抗原,建立了以杆状病毒系统表达的ＡＩＶ核蛋白为抗原的禽流感间接酶联免疫吸附试验诊断技术（ｒＮＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）。其抗原最适包被量为０．６μｇ／孔,等检血清最适稀释度为１：２００,酶标抗体使用浓度为１：１０００。根据对１４０份ＳＰＦ鸡血清检测结果的统计分析,确定其判定标准为ＯＤ均为阴性;检测Ａ型ＡＩＶ１５个不同亚型（Ｈ１￣Ｈ１５）毒株的特异性血清均为阳性;对人工接种ＡＩＶ的ＳＰＦ鸡第３天即能检出抗体,到第１６２天试验结束时检测仍为阳性。其批内和批间重复试验的变异系数分别在２．９％￣７．２％和３．４％￣９．８％之间。对３１３８份鸡血清进行监测,ｒＮＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ与全病毒间接ＥＬＩＳＡ与全病毒间接ＥＬＩＳＡ（ＡＩＶ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）、琼脂扩散     

Comparison of four serologic tests for the detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus

Four tests for detection of antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) were compared. The sera that were tested came from cattle in naturally infected commercial dairy herds, cattle that were infected under experimental conditions, and cattle in an isolated BLV-free herd. The tests that were compared included a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIA) with p24 antigen, a RIA with glycoprotein (gp) antigen, an agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test with gp antigen, and a virus-neutralization (VN) test that was based on inhibition of BLV-induced syncytia in cell culture. Results of the 4 serologic tests agreed for 96.8% of the sera from cattle in commercial herds. The gp RIA detected the greatest number of positive sera (188); it was followed in turn by the p24 RIA (187), the VN test (183), and the AGID test (176). The gpd RIA titers of the 12 sera that gave negative AGID results were 175 or less. In RIA, the percentage of precipitation of labeled antigen by positive sera was almost always higher with gp antigen than with p24 antigen. Satisfactory sensitivity in the p24 RIA required the acceptance of a low level of antigen precipitation, 15%, as a positive test. In the gp RIA, however, almost all positive sera precipitated at least 50% of the labeled antigen. Nonspecific precipitation of antigen in the RIA by sera from BLV-free cattle ranged from 4% to 10%. Examination of sequential serum samples from 17 experimentally infected cattle showed that BLV antibody was first detected 2 to 8 weeks after inoculation. In 9 cattle, seroconversion was detected simultaneously by all of the tests. Results from the other 8 cattle indicated that seroconversion could be detected first by p24 RIA, followed by the gp RIA and the VN test. The longest interval between RIA seroconversion and AGID seroconversion was 10 days. Monthly tests of sera from 10 laboratory cattle that were infected by contact exposure showed that 7 animals seroconverted in all tests at the same time. Two cattle were positive first in RIA, but the next month they were also positive in the VN and AGID tests. One animal was positive in the RIA and the VN test for 2 months before antibody was detected by AGID.     

Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of avian influenza viruses allows distinction between vaccinated and infected chickens

To differentiate avian influenza virus (AIV)-infected chickens vs. chickens immunized with inactivated avian influenza virus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a recombinant nonstructural protein (NS1) as the diagnostic antigen, which was cloned from an AIV H9N2 subtype strain isolated during the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antibodies to the AIV NS1 protein was only detected in the sera of chickens experimentally infected with AIV but not in the sera of chickens immunized with inactivated vaccine. This ELISA is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish chickens infected with influenza viruses from those immunized with inactivated vaccine.     

Establishment of a competitive ELISA (cELISA) system for the detection of influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibodies and its application to field sera from different species

A recombinant baculovirus (RBV) encoding the nucleoprotein (NP) of avian influenza virus (AIV) was generated and the appropriate protein was expressed in Sf9 cells. Purified recombinant NP and the NP-specific monoclonal antibody HB65 were used to establish a competitive ELISA (cELISA) system for the detection of NP-specific antibodies in sera of ducks, geese and wild birds. Tests to evaluate this method were carried out using sera of ducks experimentally infected with AIV, pre-immune duck and chicken sera, and poultry field sera, which tested negative in the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and field sera of several poultry species experimentally infected with other viruses. The evaluation of the test demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity of this method. Tests carried out using field sera of duck and goose flocks revealed widely corresponding results obtained by HI assay and cELISA indicating that this test is applicable for flock diagnosis. Differing results were obtained for individual samples. It can be assumed that for the most part this was because of a better recognition of the conserved NP antigen by serum antibodies, although some results remained unclear.     

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with nucleoprotein as antigen for detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus

During the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 in Southeast Asia, two avian influenza viruses (AIV), one of H5N1 subtype and the other H9N2 subtype, were isolated and identified from local farms. The nudeoprotein (NP) gene of the H5N1 AI isolate was cloned, and the segment encoding amino acid 47-384, which covers its major antigenic domains, was subcloned and expressed in E. coli. Subsequently, the NP (47-384) expression product was purified and used as the diagnostic antigen to develop a NP-based type-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to AI from chicken sera. The ELISA is shown to be specific for AIV and does not cross-react with chicken sera that has antibodies to other avian viruses. The NP(47-384)-ELISA was compared with a hemagglutination inhibition test and a commercial AIV ELISA kit in evaluating 150 sera samples from experimentally AIV-infected or vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Our NP(47-384)-ELISA was more sensitive than the two tests and showed an 82% agreement ratio with the HI test and an 80.67% agreement ratio with the commercial kit. The NP(47-384)-ELISA and the commercial AIV ELISA were used to evaluate 448 field sera samples from diseased chickens or vaccinated chickens during the 2003-04 AI outbreak in China. The two ELISA tests had a 95% agreement ratio. We conclude that the NP(47-384)-ELISA developed in our laboratory was specific and sensitive and it has great application potential in China's long-term prevention and control of AI.     

Early detection of maedi-visna (ovine progressive pneumonia) virus seroconversion in field sheep samples.

The aim of this work was to investigate whether an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was useful for early detection of maedi-visna virus (MVV) infection in sheep under field conditions. An ELISA based on p25 recombinant protein and a gp46 synthetic peptide was used. Sequentially obtained serum samples (n = 1,941) were studied for 4 years. ELISA results were compared with those of the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, and results of both tests were compared with a reference result established using consensus scores for at least 2 of 3 serologic techniques (AGID, ELISA, and western blotting, which was used to resolve result discrepancies between the other 2 techniques). A total of 247 discrepancies were observed between ELISA and AGID. Of these, 131 were due to an earlier detection of 120 sera by the ELISA and 11 sera by AGID. The remaining discrepancies (116) were due to the presence of false reactions in both tests. Fewer false-negative results were found by ELISA than with AGID (6 vs. 69 sera, respectively), whereas the number of false-positive results was virtually the same for ELISA and AGID (21 vs. 20, respectively). In relation to the reference result, ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 97.8% and 98.2%, respectively, whereas values for AGID were 76.3% and 98.3%, respectively. The agreement between ELISA and the reference result was higher than that between AGID and the reference result (K value: 0.96 and 0.77, respectively). A variation in the ELISA signal (based on optical density) was observed during the study period, suggesting different antibody levels throughout the animal's life. The ELISA was useful for detecting MVV-infected sheep in field conditions and has potential for use in control and eradication programs.     

Standardization and validation of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia using a recombinant p26 antigen

We developed and validated an agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) test for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia (EIA) using as antigen the p26 protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) produced in the Escherichia coli expression system. The developed rp26-AGID test showed an excellent diagnostic relative sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) compared to a commercial AGID assay when 1855 field serum samples were analyzed. In addition, the rp26-AGID demonstrated to be a precise assay with excellent repeatability and reproducibility. In the analytical sensitivity trial, positive sera showed nearly the same endpoint dilutions for both compared tests. No positive-reactions were observed with 35 serum samples with antibodies related to other endemic agents and also with severely hemolysed samples, demonstrating that the rp26-AGID has an excellent analytical specificity. Complete concordance with blind previous results from five proficiency test panels confirmed the capability of the assay of accurate detection of EIAV antibodies. This is the first time that a recombinant AGID assay able to identify EIAV infections has been standardized and validated in Argentina according to international guidelines. Taking into account the results obtained, the p26-AGID could be adopted as an official test method for the diagnosis and control of EIA in this country.     

Use of Brucella canis antigen for detection of ovine serum antibodies against Brucella ovis

Brucella ovis causes a genital disease of sheep manifested by epididymitis in rams and placentitis in ewes producing reduced fertility in the flock. Clinical diagnosis is not sensitive enough and bacteriological testing is not feasible for detection of the disease in large numbers of animals. Indirect methods of serological testing are preferred for routine diagnosis, of which agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), complement fixation (CF) and ELISA tests are recommended as the most efficient. Since B. ovis shares antigenic components with Brucella canis, it would seem that either strain could be used as antigen with the same results; however, the advantage of the B. canis (M-) strain variant is that it can be used to develop a satisfactory antigen for agglutination tests. We present data on AGID and IELISA tests using B. ovis antigen and rapid screening agglutination test (RSAT), 2-mercapto-ethanol RSAT (2ME-RSAT) and IELISA using B. canis antigen. We tested 225 animals. The cut-off values were adjusted by ROC analysis using 51 negative and 32 positive sera; the IELISA-B. canis cut-off value was 39 (%P) and IELISA-B. ovis, 51 (%P), with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Of the 32 positive sera from the infected flock RSAT detected 32 (100%), 2ME-RSAT 29 (91%) and AGID 31 (97%). Of the 142 sera from suspicious flocks, 46 were negative and 56 positive in all the tests; 16 were positive by RSAT, IELISA-B. canis and IELISA-B. ovis, 20 positive only with RSAT and 2 positive only by both IELISAs. RSAT is a very sensitive screening test that, because of its simplicity and easy interpretation, following a study in larger sample, could replace AGID as a screening test for diagnosis of ovine brucellosis caused by B. ovis. The IELISA-B. canis or IELISA-B. ovis could be used as confirmatory tests, since they show equal specificity and sensitivity.     

新城疫病毒和禽流感病毒复合型胶体金免疫层析试纸条的制备

为了建立一种简便、快速而且能同时检测新城疫病毒(NDV)和禽流感病毒(AIV)的方法,本试验采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,分别标记NDV单克隆抗体6C4和AIV单克隆抗体制备免疫检测探针。在硝酸纤维素膜上,用微定量喷头喷好2条病毒检测线(T线)和1条羊抗鼠抗体质控线(C线),制备复合型免疫层析检测试纸条。结果在10 min内,可同时检测出两种病毒。试纸条检测NDV的灵敏度比HA试验结果提高8倍;AIV重组抗原的检测灵敏度为1.7μg/mL。两种病毒互相测试,未出现交叉反应。用缓冲液对照测试结果为阴性。在密封、干燥、低温的条件下,试纸条的灵敏性与特异性没有明显变化。说明本研究建立的NDV和AIV免疫层析检测法具有特异、灵敏、稳定、操作简单等特点,符合现场快速检测的要求。     

A comparison of whole virus and recombinant transmembrane ELISA and immunodiffusion for detection of ovine lentivirus antibodies in Italian sheep flocks

Sera from two sheep experimentally infected with ovine lentivirus (OLV) and from 186 sheep selected from flocks with known high or low prevalence of infection or on the basis of virological or histopathological examination were simultaneously tested by whole virus (WV) ELISA, recombinant transmembrane (r-TM) ELISA and AGID assay. Antigens for both the WV ELISA and AGID were prepared from an Italian field isolate; recombinant antigen was derived from the N-terminal region of the transmembrane envelope protein of strain K1514. The WV ELISA detected the highest number of seropositives, followed by the r-TM ELISA and AGID test. The sensitivity and specificity of the r-TM ELISA relative to the WV ELISA were 0.66 and 0.95, respectively. Immunoblot analysis of 14 WV ELISA-positive and r-TM ELISA-negative sera showed that the major core protein was immunodominant on WV antigen. It is concluded that the r-TM ELISA was more sensitive than the AGID test but less sensitive that the WV ELISA, particularly for detecting antibodies in the early stages of infection.Abbreviations AGID agar gel immunodiffusion - bp base pair - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - FBS fetal bovine serum - IB immunoblot - kD kilodalton - OLV ovine lentivirus - MEM minimal essential medium - p.i. post-infection - r recombinant - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - TM transmembrane - WV whole virus