法制视角下对我国兽药监管的审视

兽药规范化的实现需要有较为完善的法律机制。在法制视角下,从认知层面对兽药质量安全形势进行剖析,审视我国兽药质量安全法制监管现状。从顶层制度设计、基层管理需求、兽药司法监管、安全风险应对机制等方面综合分析了兽药管理的若干问题,提出我国兽药质量安全法制监管应审查现行兽药管理法律法规,并适时修订兽药法律规章制度,逐步开展网络监督,建立兽药质量安全风险预警机制,强化兽药安全司法监管,探求制度化、常态化和长效性的监管举措等建议。     

2014年农业部继续加强兽医药品和兽医生物制品监管

近期,农业部印发《农业部2014年兽医工作要点》,涉及加强兽医药品和兽医生物制品监管等方面的内容。 一、深入开展兽药残留监控工作。贯彻实施《兽用处方药和非处方药管理办法》,规范兽药使用行为。组织实施《动物及动物产品兽药残留监控计划》和《动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》,完善兽药残留试剂盒备案管理制度,强化备案试剂盒质量监管。开展兽用抗菌药整治活动．促进安全用药。     

国内外兽药管理比较研究

兽药在防治动物疫病、提高养殖效益、保障公共卫生安全中发挥着重要作用。然而,随着公众对公共卫生安全、食品安全要求的逐步提高,我国兽药管理领域面临残留监控、产业监管、耐药性管控等多重挑战。本文简要发达国家兽药监管模式及法律基础,并结合我国兽药管理实际进行了比较研究,提出了进一步完善兽药管理体制的意见建议。     

靖州三级动物疫病防控责任体系

1.建立完善的县、乡、村三级防疫体系。 建立县级防疫执法体系。建立完善的县动物卫生监督所、畜牧兽医工作站、动物疫病预防控制中心和兽药饲料管理执法大队等机构，建设先进的动物疫病诊断化验室，提高对重大动物疫病的防疫、检疫、诊断和执法监管综合能力。     

唐山市兽药流通管理方面的主要问题与对策

兽药流通环节存在的主要问题是假劣兽药进入市场。本文结合对兽药流通环节监督管理的工作实际,归纳了假劣兽药产品进入唐山市场的六个方面原因,分析了兽药流通管理方面存在的主要问题,从完善兽药管理法律法规、加强兽药监管队伍建设、强化兽药行政执法监管等方面,探讨提出了保证兽药经营环节产品质量的应对之策。     

强化兽药饲料监管 确保畜产品质量安全

加强对兽药饲料生产和销售环节的监管是确保兽药饲料等投入品质量安全的重要的措施,不断的完善和健全当前兽药饲料监管制度是保障兽药饲料重要举措,也是适应社会发展的要求也是保护广大人民群众健康安全的重要的保证和迫切愿望,是各级畜牧兽医主管部门依法进行兽药饲料管理的法律依据,只要不断的强化对兽药饲料环节的有效监管才能更好的促进畜牧业持续和健康发展,本文将对如何强化兽药饲料监管做一探讨。     

奶牛场的兽药采购及兽药在奶牛疾病防控中的安全使用

奶牛场通过饲养奶牛,繁殖奶牛后代和生产生鲜乳,为社会提供优质后备母牛和优质生鲜乳,同时获取经济效益和社会效益。兽药用于预防、治疗、诊断动物疾病或者有目的地调节动物生理机能,是奶牛生产中必须的投入品,投入品的安全使用决定着奶牛养殖的成败,直接影响畜产品安全。奶牛场要加强兽药采购、验收、贮存、使用要求,强化兽药(医)从业人员责任;兽医行政管理部门及监管、服务机构要加强监督、指导、管理,规范奶牛场的兽药应用。针对奶牛场兽药安全与合理应用,重点讨论兽药采购和验收要求,兽药贮存要求,兽药使用要求,兽药(医)从业人员要求,兽药监管要求五大方面,以供从业人员参考。     

影响动物产品卫生质量安全的主要因素和对策

动物产品质量安全状况令人担忧。动物饲养环境和饲草饲料的污染、不规范使用兽药,非法使用违禁药品,动物疫病,养殖方式不规范和动物品质量检测体系不健全等是影响动物品质量安全的主要因素。建议完善饲草饲料生产环节,改善养殖环境、大力推进规模化标准化养殖、强化畜牧业投入品监管和动物及动物产品的检疫、检测及处理工作。     

莒县以法治牧的经验

莒县认真贯彻落实《动物防疫法》等牧医法规,强化动物防疫法制管理,不断完善基础服务设施,抓好网络建设,综合运用法制、行政、经济手段,狠抓动物防疫、监督和兽药管理,保障了畜牧业健康发展和人体健康。几年来,全县先后处理了各类兽医卫生、兽药管理等违法案件120余起,罚款50余万元．取缔非法兽药经营摊点30余处,没收假冒伪劣兽药300余箱,无害化处理病死变质染疫等畜产品200余t,有力地惩制了违法分子,加快了畜牧业法制化、规范化管理步伐,保证了畜牧业持续、快速、健康发展,收到了兴站富民的显著成效。1997年前县畜牧业总产值…     

动物源性中药材兽药残留检测技术研究进展

［］动物源性中药材兽药残留问题是影响动物源性中药材质量安全的主要风险因子之一,服用含有兽药残留的动物源性中药材,不但会降低药效,而且会使人体产生过敏反应和抗生素耐药性等,甚至损害人体器官。加强动物源性中药材兽药残留检测,从源头进行质量控制,使动物源性中药材兽药残留早发现、早预警、早处置,使监管前移,做好风险预测与研判,是当前动物源性中药材质量控制急需解决的问题。本文从动物源性中药材兽药残留检测现状、检测方法研究思路和基质效应评价等方面探讨了兽药残留高通量检测技术的研究与应用,以期为加强动物源性中药材兽药残留高通量检测研究与质量安全控制提供参考。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.