蛋氨酸添加剂在动物生产上的应用

从蛋氨酸的理化特性、吸收代谢机制、蛋氨酸添加剂的作用及应用状况等方面阐述蛋氨酸的研究进展、存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

蛋氨酸来源调控机体蛋氨酸代谢的研究进展

蛋氨酸是畜禽必需氨基酸之一,常用蛋氨酸类添加物包括DL-蛋氨酸(DL-methionine,DLM)和蛋氨酸羟基类似物(Methionine hydroxyl analogue,MHA)等。关于此两类蛋氨酸源生物学效价研究较多,但结果并不一致,因此近年来的研究试图揭示不同蛋氨酸源调控蛋氨酸代谢的规律,以寻求效价异同的理化机制。本文综述了近年来有关蛋氨酸源在动物体内吸收和代谢方面的研究,以便为正确评价其生物学效价和在生产实践中合理使用提供理论依据。     

蛋氨酸的功能及代谢吸收过程

本文介绍了蛋氨酸的功能,并且详细阐述了蛋氨酸的代谢过程和吸收过程,为合理调控蛋氨酸在动物体内的吸收代谢和在饲料中添加蛋氨酸提供了理论依据。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物的吸收和代谢研究进展

蛋氨酸羟基类似物（HMB）是近年来新合成的一种具有蛋氨酸生物活性的液态物质，在HMB转化为L-蛋氨酸（L-Met）以前，它实质上是一种有机酸。这种特性决定了HMB能被动物充分吸收。HMB向L-Met的转化主要在肝脏和肾脏中进行，但在体内广泛分布着代谢HMB的酶，机体能有效地将HMB转化为L-Met、本文综述了HMB的吸收、代谢的研究，为HMB的应用提供参考。     

保护性蛋氨酸在奶牛中的应用

蛋氨酸是奶牛氨基酸营养的重要成分,直接添加易被瘤胃微生物降解,影响机体吸收利用。保护性蛋氨酸能够避免在瘤胃内降解,满足奶牛蛋氨酸需要,提高生产性能。作者从代谢吸收、营养功能、影响保护性蛋氨酸利用的因素及生产应用方面进行了阐述。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物在饲料中的应用进展

蛋氨酸羟基类似物(methionine hydroxyl analog,MHA)不仅具备蛋氨酸的营养功能,且能够发挥蛋氨酸不具备的酸化剂、抗生素等生物学功能。文章综述了MHA的理化性质、生物学作用、吸收代谢机制及其在养殖生产中的应用,为其在畜牧及饲料添加剂中的发展和应用提供参考。     

蛋氨酸羟基类似物的研究进展

本文阐述了近20年来人们对蛋氨酸羟基类似物的使用效果，代谢机制，效价评定等方面的研究进展，并讨论了羟基蛋氨酸在动物生产中的应用前景。     

类胡萝卜素代谢及功能研究进展

类胡萝卜素是维生素A的前体,不仅是动物体内维生素A的最主要来源,还在预防疾病、提高机体免疫力、维持动物正常生长与繁殖以及着色等方面发挥着重要的作用。随着研究的深入,类胡萝卜素在人类健康及动物生产中的作用日益受到重视,但其吸收、转运及代谢机制尚不完全明确。本文在论述类胡萝卜素的基本特征、吸收和转运的基础上,重点综述了类胡萝卜素的代谢机制以及生物活性功能方面的研究进展,为进一步研究类胡萝卜素的代谢机制、功能以及发掘新功能提供理论依据。     

蛋氨酸在动物体内代谢途径与周转机制

蛋氨酸(Met)是动物机体的必需氨基酸,可作为合成蛋白质的底物,也是机体代谢重要的甲基和巯基供体,同时还参与多胺的形成。为此,Met的供应状况以及其在体内的代谢途径影响着机体的生长性能、生理活动,乃至于DNA和功能蛋白质的甲基化修饰,进而影响机体正常的生命活动。本文就Met的4种代谢通路及其相应的周转机制进行综述,以期为Met代谢机理研究和合理科学应用提供参考。     

小肽在单胃动物中的研究与应用

简述了单胃动物小肽吸收特点和吸收机制 ,以及小肽对消化道消化酶活性、肠道黏膜形态结构、仔猪腹泻、生产性能、蛋白质合成代谢、脂肪代谢和免疫等方面的影响。     

Determination of metabolism-oriented methionine requirements using 35 S methionine]

Experimental rats (weighing 50-100 gm) received semisynthetic diets containing 8%, 10%, or 12% of crude protein (Soya protein). These were supplemented with graded amounts of L- or DL methionine. After a 5-day feeding period the rats were injected 35S methionine. Subsequently, the levels of urinary 35S excretion were determined over a period of 4 days after methionine injection. The level of urinary 35S excretion was found to be clearly increased if methionine supplementation exceeded the methionine requirements of the animals. Supplementation with 0.15% methionine was just enough for diets containing 8-10% crude protein. 0.2% methionine had to be supplemented to meet the methionine requirements of the animals if the diet contained 12% crude protein. Requirements for the content of sulfur-containing amino acids in the protein were shown to be independent of the protein content of the diet, and were found to vary between 4.4% and 4.7% of the crude protein. The needs for methionine supplementation were independent of the fact whether L methionine or DL methionine was added. It is definite advantage of the present method that methionine demands are determined in close correlation with metabolic processes, including the maintenance metabolism.     

硒与蛋氨酸互作关系研究进展

本文分别从硒的生物学功能和体内代谢、蛋氨酸的生物学功能和体内代谢、硒与蛋氨酸互作关系的生化基础、硒与蛋氨酸的互作关系以及硒与蛋氨酸互作对动物的影响等五个方面综述,为今后进一步研究硒和蛋氨酸的互作效应及在畜牧生产中科学应用硒和蛋氨酸提供参考。     

Influence of methionine derivatives on effluent flow of methionine from continuous culture of ruminal bacteria

Two separate studies were conducted using a continuous culture fermenter system to determine effects of supplementing D,L-methionine and various methionine derivatives on degradation of methionine by ruminal bacteria. A basal diet containing 20% alfalfa hay, 20% corn silage and 60% grain mix (DM basis) was provided at a rate of 75 g DM/d per fermenter and served as an unsupplemented control in both experiments. In Exp. 1, methionine sources included D,L-methionine, D,L-methionine hydantoic acid, D,L-methionine hydantoin, N-acetyl-D,L-methionine, methylthio-isobutyric acid, methylthio-propionic acid and D,L-methionine sulfoxide. These sources were added directly to fermenters twice daily and supplied an equivalent of 98 mg/d D,L-methionine (.13% of diet DM) and 21 mg/d S. Effluent methionine flow from fermenters was higher (P less than .05) with diets supplemented with D,L-methionine hydantoic acid (245 mg/d), D,L-methionine hydantoin (245 mg/d) and N-acetyl-D,L-methionine (270 mg/d) than with control (211 mg/d) or D,L-methionine (211 mg/d) treatments, indicating a lower ruminal bacterial degradation of these methionine derivatives. There were no major effects on bacterial fermentation due to methionine supplementation or source. In Exp. 2, methionine sources included D,L-methionine, methionine hydroxy analog and N-hydroxymethyl-D,L-methionine; these were mixed with the basal diet to provide an equivalent of 250 mg/d D,L-methionine (.33% of diet DM). Sodium sulfate was added to the control diet to attain equal S (54 mg/d) levels across treatments. Flow of methionine was not affected (P greater than .05) by methionine supplementation, indicating extensive degradation of all three methionine sources by ruminal bacteria.     

Gene expression differences in the methionine remethylation and transsulphuration pathways under methionine restriction and recovery with D,L‐methionine or D,L‐HMTBA in meat‐type chickens

This study examined the molecular mechanisms of methionine pathways in meat‐type chickens where birds were provided with a diet deficient in methionine from 3 to 5 weeks of age. The birds on the deficient diet were then provided with a diet supplemented with either D,L‐methionine or D,L‐HMTBA from 5 to 7 weeks. The diet of the control birds was supplemented with L‐methionine from hatch till 7 weeks of age. We studied the mRNA expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1, alpha, methionine adenosyltransferase 1, beta, 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate‐homocysteine methyltransferase, 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate‐homocysteine methyltransferase reductase, betaine‐homocysteine S‐methyltransferase, glycine N‐methyltransferase, S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine hydrolase and cystathionine beta synthase genes in the liver, duodenum, Pectoralis (P.) major and the gastrocnemius muscle at 5 and 7 weeks. Feeding a diet deficient in dietary methionine affected body composition. Birds that were fed a methionine‐deficient diet expressed genes that indicated that remethylation occurred via the one‐carbon pathway in the liver and duodenum; however, in the P. major and the gastrocnemius muscles, gene expression levels suggested that homocysteine received methyl from both folate and betaine for remethylation. Birds who were switched from a methionine deficiency diet to one supplemented with either D,L‐methionine or D,L‐HMTBA showed a downregulation of all the genes studied in the liver. However, depending on the tissue or methionine form, either folate or betaine was elicited for remethylation. Thus, mRNA expressions show that genes in the remethylation and transsulphuration pathways were regulated according to tissue need, and there were some differences in the methionine form.     

Chick bio‐assay of methionine and cystine

A chick bio‐assay procedure has been used to measure the relative potencies of DL‐methionine, L‐methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue as sources of methionine for the chick. The two isomers showed approximately equivalent potencies whereas the analogue was some 15 per cent less. The relative potencies of several batches of soyabean meals, groundnut meals and meat meals were also determined. The values for soyabean meals, of low urease activity, were uniformly high. The meat meals were rather variable and the groundnut meal values rather low.     

Dietary methionine requirement of the Chinese egg-laying duck

1. The dietary methionine requirement of egg-laying ducks was assessed by feeding diets supplemented with graded levels of DL-methionine (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 g/kg dietary protein) for 8 weeks. The basal diet contained 175 g protein and 2.6 g methionine per kg feed (or 14.9 g/kg protein) and an estimated ME of 11.5 MJ/kg. 2. A total of 800 Shaoxin laying ducks (420 d old) were randomly divided into 5 groups of 160 each and fed in 4 separate pens. 3. Dietary supplementation of methionine significantly increased egg production and feed conversion efficiency. 4. Dietary methionine requirement for optimum egg production was estimated to be 25.7 g/kg of dietary protein or 4.5 g/kg of the diet or 380 mg/bird-d. 5. Methionine supplementation increased the methionine level in plasma, and the free glutamic acid and aspartic acid concentrations in plasma were quadratically related to dietary methionine levels. Increasing dietary methionine had little effect on egg quality characteristics.     

Ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleoyl methionine and calcium linoleate in sheep.

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Hampshire wethers were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment to determine whether linoleoyl methionine and calcium linoleate would increase duodenal flow of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 + cis C18:1). All animals received the same basal diet plus a treatment enclosed in gelatin capsules that were placed directly in the rumen. Of the four experimental treatments, one was a control (empty capsules) and three were 5 g of fatty acid equivalent as either free linoleic acid, calcium linoleate, or linoleoyl methionine. Linoleoyl methionine had the lowest ruminal disappearance of C18:2 + cis C18:1. Ruminal loss of unsaturated fatty acids from each supplement exclusive of feed unsaturated fatty acids was 69.8, 92.9, and 94.6% for linoleoyl methionine, free linoleic acid, and calcium linoleate, respectively. Duodenal flow of methionine also was higher for linoleoyl methionine than for control, free linoleic acid, or calcium linoleate (2.5, 1.7, 2.0, and 2.5 g/d, respectively). Plasma linoleic acid was higher for linoleoyl methionine than for control or free linoleic acid but was not different from calcium linoleate (22.0, 17.8, 18.9, and 20.2% of total fatty acids, respectively). Plasma methionine levels were not different among treatments. Intestinal disappearance of unsaturated fatty acids did not differ among treatments. Linoleoyl methionine resisted ruminal biohydrogenation and was digested normally in the intestine. Calcium linoleate did not escape biohydrogenation by ruminal bacteria.     

Response of growing goslings to dietary supplementation with methionine and betaine

1. An experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial design with two concentrations of dietary betaine (0 and 600 mg/kg) and three dietary concentrations of methionine (0, 600 and 1200 mg/kg) was conducted using goslings to estimate growth, nutrient utilisation and digestibility of amino acids from 21 to 70 d of age.

2. Three hundred geese were randomised at 18 d of age into 6 groups with 5 replicates per treatment and 10 geese per replicate.

3. Increasing dietary concentrations of methionine gave a linear increase in body weight and average daily gain. The coefficient of crude fat retention increased as dietary methionine increased and there was a significant non-linear response to increasing dietary methionine. Similarly, increasing supplemental methionine gave linear increases in the digestibility of methionine and cysteine.

4. The results of this study indicated that optimal dietary supplementation of methionine could increase growth performance and methionine and cysteine utilisation in growing goslings. Betaine supplementation had no apparent sparing effect on methionine needs for growth performance, but did improve the apparent cysteine digestibility.

     

蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生长、脏器指数及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生长、脏器指数及血清生化指标的影响,为确定日粮中蛋氨酸铬的适宜添加量提供科学依据。试验选用1日龄AA肉鸡528只,设4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复33只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,其它处理组饲喂分别在基础日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬0.1 mg/kg(Ⅰ组)、0.2 mg/kg(Ⅱ组)、0.6 mg/kg(Ⅲ组)的日粮(以Cr3+计),试验期49 d。结果表明:蛋氨酸铬能显著降低饲料消耗(P<0.05),但对肉鸡各日龄段平均体重、料重比和成活率影响差异均不显著(P>0.05)。除能显著降低心脏相对重量(P<0.05)外,日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡其它脏器相对重量影响差异均不显著(P>0.05)。日粮中添加蛋氨酸铬对血液生化指标影响显著(P<0.05)。因此,日粮中补充蛋氨酸铬对肉鸡生产性能、脏器指数影响不明显;但对血液生化指标影响显著,建议日粮中蛋氨酸铬添加量以0.2 mg/kg为宜。     

Lipid coating as a mode of protecting free methionine from ruminal degradation

A method of protecting free methionine from partial ruminal degradation utilizing a lipid-protein matrix was developed. Eight wether lambs were fitted with abomasal cannulae and utilized in a 4 X 4 Latin square design experiment to determine the effectiveness of the protection matrix. The squares were blocked by animal and time, with each animal receiving each of the four diets. The diets were: (1) a negative control tall fescue and corn-based diet containing no added methionine; (2) a positive control diet that contained 3 g of methionine with ground corn, zein, coconut oil and methionine each added individually; (3) the control diet 1 supplemented with a methionine, ground corn, zein and coconut oil matrix that provided 3 g methionine/d; and (4) the control diet 1 containing the methionine matrix to provide 6 g methionine/d. Digestibility and balance data were obtained by collecting feces and urine over a 7-d period, followed by a day of blood sampling at 2, 4 and 6 h postfeeding. Abomasal samples were then subsequently collected over 3 d on a time schedule that represented every 2 h. Feeding protected methionine decreased (P less than .08) urinary N by .69 g/d and increased (P less than .08) N retention by 1.07 g/d. Plasma urea N was decreased (P less than .003) by 2.06 mg/100 ml and plasma free methionine increased (P less than .001) by 1.94 mumol/100 ml in lambs fed the protected methionine matrix. These data indicate that coating free methionine with the preparation described herein was partially effective in delivering methionine to the absorptive sites and subsequently to the tissues of the ruminant animal.