合成三肽囊素阳性噬菌体模拟七肽的免疫活性初步研究

为探讨三肽囊素(Bursin)模拟七肽的免疫活性及其与Brusin的相关性,本研究根据Bursin阳性噬菌体展示七肽库中筛选得到的氨基酸序列(MTTNLQQ)人工合成该七肽.以ELISA和竞争ELISA检验合成七肽与Bursin在体外的免疫学反应的相关性;比较不同剂量的合成七肽(设定Bursin作为对照)对鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)弱毒疫苗(La sota株)在鸡体诱导的特异性免疫应答的影响.结果显示合成七肽与抗Bursin单克隆抗体(2F9-4/HU2)能够特异性结合并且该结合作用可被Bursin阻断;动物试验的结果表明,低剂量(0.09 mg)的合成七肽对疫苗诱导的体液免疫应答的增强作用与Bursin相当,而且高剂量(0.3 mg)的合成七肽对细胞免疫应答具有一定的增强作用.因此,认为七肽序列MTTNLQQ具有与Bursin类似的免疫活性.     

鸡源 Bursin-ScFv 噬菌体展示文库的构建及初步筛选

本研究利用抗三肽囊素(Bursin)单克隆抗体免疫SPF来航鸡,获得产生抗独特型抗体的脾细胞,从中提取总RNA,经反转录合成cDNA第一链.以cDNA第一链为模板,根据来航鸡 IgG 抗体重链(VH)、轻链(VL)可变区基因FR设计引物,进行PCR扩增.在体外扩增出该抗体的可变区VH和VL基因(大小分别约为370和320 bp).通过重叠延伸反应(SOE),以(Gly4Ser)3为连接肽,将VH和VL基因连接成为VH-Linker-VL ScFv,将ScFv DNA与噬菌粒载体pHEN1的连接产物转化于大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体M13K07感染后,获得重组的鸡源抗三肽囊素独特型抗体全套单链噬菌体抗体库.并测得该库容量约为5×105,噬菌体中ScFv基因的插入率为80%,用辅助噬菌体援救后,得到滴度为1011PFU/mL的初级噬菌体抗体库.用抗Bursin单克隆抗体(2F9-4/HU2)进行4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"的淘筛,出现特异性富集.经ELISA、动物试验表明所筛选的5个阳性克隆可与抗Bursin单克隆抗体(2F9-4/HU2)特异性结合,并能促进抗体的生产.     

肝癌细胞靶向肽的筛选与鉴定

利用噬菌体环七肽库筛选与肝癌细胞特异性结合的多肽,并对其亲和力进行生物学鉴定。以HL-7702为消减细胞,HepG2为筛选靶细胞,对噬菌体随机环七肽库进行4轮全细胞消减筛选,并随机挑取60个阳性噬菌体克隆,以ELISA法鉴定其与HepG2细胞的结合活性,并取阳性克隆进行测序分析,并合成多肽进行免疫细胞化学染色鉴定。经4轮筛选,噬菌体在靶细胞HepG2上出现明显富集;利用ELISA从随机挑选的60个噬菌体克隆中得到15个与肝癌细胞具有高结合力的阳性克隆,测序并进行序列分析比对发现氨基酸序列无同源性,经免疫细胞化学染色鉴定后,发现1条多肽序列亲和力较高,为提高抗菌肽对肿瘤细胞的靶向杀伤作用奠定基础。     

法氏囊活性五肽BP5特异性结合肽的筛选及鉴定

为鉴定与具有免疫调节功能和抗肿瘤潜能的法氏囊活性五肽(BP5)特异性结合的多肽,本研究利用噬菌体展示技术,以BP5-BSA为靶分子,对噬菌体随机12肽库进行4轮亲和筛选,结合ELISA鉴定和竞争抑制试验,筛选出3个能够特异性与BP5结合的噬菌体阳性克隆.测序结果显示,其编码的12肽序列分别为:PINMQTLNCMAA(P2-12)、GCTLNPMSDLLG(P6-12)和MSSTLNGMLNSL(P7-12),其核心基序为TLNXM.通过人工合成P2-12、P6-12、P7-12多肽,并采用MTT法检测其对BP5抗肿瘤细胞增殖能力的影响,结果显示,P2-12和P7-12肽在0.2 μg/mL～20 μg/mL浓度下,P6-12肽在2μg/mL～20 μg/mL浓度下均能够抑制BP5抗小鼠WEHI-231 B淋巴瘤细胞增殖作用,其中P2-12在20 μg/mL浓度下抑制作用最为显著(p＜0.01).此外,p53荧光素酶活性检测结果显示,这3种BP5结合肽在实验浓度下均能够下调BP5促p53基因转录的活性.以上结果表明,这3种BP5特异性结合肽具有下调BP5抗肿瘤活性.本研究为进一步研究BP5抗肿瘤细胞增殖作用的机制提供了相关的实验依据.     

噬菌体展示技术筛选猪小肠上皮细胞穿透肽

为辅助抗菌药物进入动物细胞杀伤胞内致病菌，本试验利用噬菌体展示技术筛选猪小肠上皮细胞的穿透肽。通过噬菌体展示技术进行4轮体外生物淘洗，得到与猪小肠上皮细胞结合的多肽；经过4轮减数筛选，噬菌体回收率逐渐提高，酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定单克隆噬菌体对猪小肠上皮细胞的亲和力，亲和力≥2的为阳性，将阳性噬菌体克隆提取DNA，将高重复率序列合成细胞穿透肽，同时合成与其氨基酸序列及结构相同但组合顺序不同的对照多肽，荧光FITC标签连接。检测多肽的抑菌活性、溶血活性和细胞毒性，荧光显微镜观察穿透肽的穿透性、激光共聚焦显微镜及流式细胞仪检测穿透肽在胞内的定位及强度。结果表明：4轮筛选噬菌体的回收率增长283倍；ELISA检测显示，随机挑选30个单克隆噬菌体，17个为阳性克隆；DNA测序得到2条高重复序列，SAYKMMA命名ICPP1和SSSISGL命名ICPP2；穿透肽及对照多肽无抑菌活性，溶血性较好，安全无毒对细胞活力无影响；荧光显微镜观察及激光共聚焦结果表明，ICPP1和ICPP2可穿透猪小肠上皮细胞膜，且ICPP1表现出更强的穿透性；流式细胞仪结果显示，ICPP1的胞内平均荧光强度明显高于...     

利用随机肽库鉴定猪瘟病毒E2蛋白抗原表位

利用噬菌体随机12肽库对抗猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus CSFV）糖蛋白E2特异的单抗A11进行表位鉴定，经过4轮筛选后，随机挑取10个噬菌体克隆作竞争ELISA检测。结果表明，10个克隆中除4号克隆外，其余9个均能抑制原核表达的E2蛋白和A1l单抗之间的抗原抗体反应，抑制率在35％～64％；DNA测序表明，所有产生竞争抑制作用的8个噬菌体克隆的12肽序列均舍有XXWRXXXL核心序列，而没有抑制作用的克隆则不含该核心序列；Western-blot试验证明，所挑阳性克隆均能被单抗A11识别。多序列比较发现，该核心序列与猪瘟病毒E蛋白的28～35位氨基酸TTWKEYSH有一定的同源性，人工合成的含有部分核心序列氨基酸的多肽可以与单抗A11反应，表明单抗A11所针对的抗原表位位于CSFVE2蛋白的28～35位氨基酸。     

应用噬菌体肽库技术定位沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白上属特异性共同抗原表位

用生物素标记的沙门氏菌属特异性单克隆抗体de7作为分子探针，应用亲和筛选法从噬菌体肽库中筛选该单抗所针对的表位克隆，最终进行定位。经三轮筛选后，用斑点印迹法检测，得到良好的富集效果。通过免疫筛选法从第三轮筛选物中桃取了24个阳性克隆，再以斑点印迹、竞争ELISA进一步鉴定阳性克隆，证实已获得了沙门氏菌鞭毛属特异性共同抗原的模拟表位。测得的序列为SRRSFTTE，将其与沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白氨基酸序列相比较，同源性较小，但在不同血清型沙门氏菌鞭毛蛋白氨基酸序列的Ⅰ区高度保守序列中，发现61-65位氨基酸的RSXXT序列与所得的线性表位有相同的排列，而大肠杆菌鞭毛蛋白氨基酸在此段的序列为RAXXT，且这种序列排列的几率为1/20^5，因此推断该单抗所针对的表位在该区段上。此外，以阳性克隆免疫Balb/c小鼠，并制备高免血清进行间接荧光检测和竞争ELISA鉴定，结果表明其具有优良的免疫原性和高度的特异性，这亦为模拟表位疫苗的研究提供了新思路。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素Ⅰ抗原模拟表位的筛选与鉴定

将猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌毒素Ⅰ(APP ApxⅠ)抗血清用饱和硫酸铵分级粗提后,再经DEAE-sepha-dex-A50低压层析系统纯化得到IgG,用此IgG作为配基对噬菌体随机十二肽库进行4轮不同条件的富集筛选。通过改变筛选条件,噬菌体的回收率从1.44×10-6增加到了8.9×10-5,P/N值逐步提高,阳性噬菌体得到了富集。ELISA结果表明,随机挑取的10个噬菌体克隆中,有5个与纯化的IgG有较强的特异性结合能力。对筛选到的5个阳性克隆提取ssDNA进行测序,并对其递呈的氨基酸序列进行分析。结果有3个克隆的4个连续的氨基酸序列(RVDV)相同,并与APP ApxⅠ蛋白的原始序列具有较高的同源性。     

应用CSFV-E2基因噬菌体肽库筛选猪瘟病毒抗原表位

采用猪瘟单抗对猪瘟病毒石门株E2基因噬菌体随机肽库(SM-E2库)进行淘洗以研究猪瘟病毒E2抗原表位.运用猪瘟单克隆抗体WH303、WH211和M56对SM-E2库进行4轮生物淘洗,对阳性克隆再经噬菌体原位杂交、特异PCR测序分析,然后人工合成阳性多肽进行ELISA反应.经鉴定分析发现单抗WH303从SM-E2库中筛选得到一段CSFV特异的抗原多肽IECTAVSPTTLRTEVVKT,并且该段多肽与已知CSFV表位TAVSPTTLR极为相似;单抗WH211和M56未能筛选到包含CSFV序列的克隆.结果表明,利用靶基因噬菌体随机多肽库筛选抗原表位能够得到更接近于真实表位的抗原表位.     

噬菌体肽库技术筛选抗PRRSV肽及其应用

噬菌体展示肽库是一种被广泛用于抗原表位鉴定,结合蛋白筛选的技术。该试验利用噬菌体展示技术筛选与猪呼吸与繁殖障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）ORF1B复制酶蛋白相互作用的蛋白,并进一步验证筛选蛋白的抗病毒作用。以表达纯化的PRRSV ORF1B蛋白CTD包被高亲和性96孔板作为靶蛋白,应用T7噬菌体展示技术对随机12肽库cDNA文库进行筛选,并分析测序筛选的克隆。将筛选出的克隆序列合成后,在体外验证合成多肽的抗PRRSV效果。结果表明,在4轮的噬菌体筛选后,共得到87个阳性克隆,经测序鉴定出11个筛选的12肽,并通过体外抗病毒试验得到P10是一个具有高抗病毒活性的12肽。试验结果为PRRSV的抗病毒研究奠定了基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.