重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株在鸽体内的分布及毒性试验

采用翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种途径给30日龄幼鸽接种重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株,利用PCR的方法检测其在鸽体内的分布及其动态并对其毒性进行了研究。结果显示,接种后6 h即在脾脏检测到病毒DNA;接种后1 d,脾、肺PCR检测阳性;3 d,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、皮肤均检测到病毒DNA;7 d,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑PCR检测均呈阳性;10 d,除脑外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA,15 d后所有内脏器官PCR检测结果均为阴性。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测结果均为阴性。毒性试验表明,重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株使用安全。     

鸭瘟病毒弱毒株在免疫雏鸭体内的分布和排毒规律

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)弱毒Cha株经皮下、口服和滴鼻3种途径免疫1日龄雏鸭，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测了病毒在体内分布和排毒规律。Cha株免疫雏鸭后，对血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠、直肠、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、肌肉、骨髓、粪便和食道共19种组织PCR检测结果如下：(1)皮下接种雏鸭后4h，即可在心、肝、脾、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑和小脑共10种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，所有采取的组织器官均可检测到DPV的DNA。(2)口服接种雏鸭后4h，可在舌和食道中检测到DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、胰腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共12种组织器官中检出DPV的DNA。(3)滴鼻接种雏鸭后4h，未能在各种组织中检出DPV的DNA；8h后，可在心、肝、脾、肾、胸腺、延脑、大脑、小脑、舌、食道和血液共11种组织中检测到DPV的DNA。(4)在3种免疫途径中，检出时间最早和检出率最高的组织器官为肝脏、脑(大脑、小脑和延脑)；3种途径免疫的鸭，从免疫后12h至21d均能从所有采集的组织中检测出DPV DNA。     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒在鸽子体内分布的研究

应用实验室分离的鸭源高致病性禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Duck/Harbin/01/2004(H5N1)毒株,经SPF鸡胚增殖病毒,通过滴鼻途径人工感染鸽子,通过临床观察、剖检、HA、HI、PCR等方法进行体内分布和毒性研究。结果病死鸽子的肺脏损害最为严重,其次为脑、法氏囊;在病死鸽子的肺、肝、肾、脑中检测到病毒,其中肺中的病毒含量最高,脑、肝、肾中的病毒含量次之,再次为心和脾;各组织HA和HI检测阳性;各组织PCR检测到目的基因;对照组所有检测均为阴性。结果表明AIV在鸽子体内可以复制,并在肺、脑内病毒含量较高,为预防AIV奠定了基础。     

不同日龄SPF鸡接种传染性法氏囊病病毒的免疫反应研究

为探讨鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)对不同日龄鸡的免疫病理、免疫反应和法氏囊、脾、胸腺占体重比,将其分别接种15日龄和30日龄无特殊病原体(SPF)鸡,通过临床观察、PCR、ELISPOT,进行法氏囊病理损伤、IFN-γ表达水平、抗体消长规律,法氏囊、脾及胸腺占体重比研究。另外,将其分别接种15日龄鸡胚和1日龄SPF鸡,检测致病力。在接种3 d、5 d后,SPF鸡的法氏囊、盲肠淋巴结和脾脏均出现不同程度损伤,检测到病毒的目的基因,IFN-γ表达差异显著;在接种后7～28 d检测到特异性抗体、中和抗体,各组抗体水平差异不显著;在接种后22 d,胸腺、法氏囊与体重之比最高,之后开始下降;在56 d内,脾脏和体重比逐渐升高。结果表明不同日龄的鸡在接种后3 d、5 d,法氏囊、脾、盲肠淋巴结等组织IFN-γ表达水平差异十分显著,鸡胚接种病毒引起的损伤比雏鸡接种损伤更严重,为后期评价免疫水平和疫病诊断提供了参考数据。     

应用PCR检测成年鸭体内鸭瘟强毒的分布

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)强毒经人工接种和同居感染100日龄鸭后，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测病毒在鸭体内各组织器官的动态分布。试验结果表明，DPV强毒经肌肉注射进入鸭体后6h可在肝、脾、血液和粪便中检测到DPV DNA；DPV强毒经肌肉注射到鸭体后各受检样品被检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、脾、血液和直肠粪便(6h)→肺、脑和腿肌(12h)→肾和胸肌(24h)；同居鸭于混群后48h在肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便中检出DPV DNA；DPV强毒经同居感染鸭后各受检样品检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便(48h)→脾和脑(72h)→胸肌和腿肌(96h)→肾(120h)。     

鸭瘟病毒强毒株在感染鸭实质器官内的增殖与分布

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)CHv强毒株经皮下注射、滴鼻和口服3种途径分别感染20日龄天府肉鸭,于攻毒后10、30、60、90min以及4、12、48、72h和9、15d每组分别剖杀2只鸭,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胸腺、法氏囊、哈德氏腺等实质器官,应用TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光定量PCR对DPV在这些器官的分布和增殖进行检测。结果表明,DPV分布到具体器官的速度与感染的途径、鸭的解剖结构密切相关,其中皮下注射是DPV分布到各实质器官速度最快的途径。30min于皮下感染鸭的肝、脾、胸腺、法氏囊、哈德氏腺、肺、脑、肾,口服感染鸭的肺和法氏囊,滴鼻感染鸭的心脏和哈德氏腺均检测到DPV-DNA;90min所有受检样品中检测到DPV-DNA。鸭抗DPV感染的免疫器官的重要性依次是脾、胸腺、法氏囊和哈德氏腺,30min内DPV-DNA分布到脾、胸腺、法氏囊的速度和数量决定了DPV感染的潜伏期和疾病的严重程度。不同途经感染鸭的相同器官在同一时间内的DPV-DNA拷贝数大多以皮下感染鸭为最高。DPV致死鸭的法氏囊和肾是DPV-DNA含量最高的实质器官。     

重组鸡白细胞介素2质粒在体内的分布研究

3周龄雏鸡肌肉接种200μg重组鸡白细胞介素2真核表达质粒(pCI-chIL-2).PCR法检测血清、心、肝、肺、脾、法氏囊和肌肉接种部位中pCI-chIL-2的残留情况,利用竞争PCR观察血清中重组质粒的动态分布,RT-PCR检测上述组织器官pCI-chIL-2的表达情况.结果表明:接种后2 h血清中即可检测到pCI-chIL-2,8 h达到高峰,7 d时已检测不到;pCI-chIL-2在上述组织器官中存在的时间比较长,1～14 d各组织器官中均有分布,19 d时肺和法氏囊中已检测不到;RT-PCR结果显示pCI-chIL-2转录的mRNA在各组织于不同时间均有存在.本研究为重组chIL-2作为免疫增强剂的应用提供体内试验数据.     

应用PCR技术对鸡毒支原体感染鸡病原的检测

应用已建立的检测MG和MS的PCR方法，对人工接种鸡毒支原体后2－20天的SPF鸡气管棉拭样品和气管、肺、肝、脾、胸肌、腿肌等器官和组织进行了检测；对现场采集的样品同样作PCR检测。结果表明，上述人工样品均检测到病原，以气管棉拭样品检出量多；现场样品PCR阳性检出率为10．28％，分离培养的阳性率为2．8％，阳性符合率为100％。     

鸡痘病毒PCR检测方法的建立

根据已发表的鸡痘病毒 (fowlpox virus,FPV) 4 b核心蛋白基因的核苷酸序列设计合成了 2对引物 ,通过对影响PCR扩增因素的优化 ,2对引物在同一反应条件下 ,以抽提 FPV DNA或直接用其毒液制备的模板均能分别扩增出预期的 5 4 9、136 1bp的片段。特异性检测表明 ,2对引物对 FPV10 2株、FPV2 82 E4 (北京 )、FPV2 82 E4 (吉林 )、v FV2 82重组鸡痘疫苗毒及 FPV临床分离株均能扩增出相应特异性片段 ,而用鸡马立克氏病病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、羊痘病毒、鸡胚成纤维细胞 (CEF)制备的模板分别进行 PCR扩增却成阴性。敏感性检测表明 ,2对引物 (p1 ,2 、g1 ,2 )分别能检测到 10 - 2 、10 - 3fmol的 FPV DNA和 10 0 .5、10 - 0 .5TCID50 的病毒。以上结果表明 ,本试验所建立的 FPV PCR检测法具有较高的特异性和敏感性 ,模板制作简单 ,完全可用于 FPV的检测     

鸡痘病毒基因探针检测方法的建立及初步应用

利用PCR方法成功克隆了鸡痘病毒（Fowl poxvirus，FPV）4b核心蛋白基因549bp片段，序列分析表明，该序列与模板DNA（AF198100）碱基序列的同源性为99．45％，只有3个碱基差异，第215位由C→T，第386位由T→A，第388位由G→A。回收FPV4b核心蛋白基因549bp片段，以其为模板制备了地高辛标记的DNA探针。对新标记的探针进行标记效率检测，结果显示其标记效率为100mg／L；敏感性检测表明，该探针对同源DNA的检出限量为10Pg；特异性检测结果表明，用本试验所标记的探针对提取的FPV282E4和FPV儿株DNA、重组质粒pMD 18-T-4b进行检测结果均呈阳性，而鸡马立克氏病病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、CEF的核酸提取物均成阴性，说明该探针具有较强的特异性。初步应用表明，本试验所建立的FPV的基因探针检测法可用于FPV的检测。     

鸡痘母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了检测抗鸡痘病毒母源抗体对喉气管炎重组鸡痘疫苗的影响,孵化一批来自禽痘病毒高免母鸡的雏鸡,采用ELISA方法检测鸡痘疫苗免疫鸡后代的血清抗体。检测结果表明,雏鸡自孵出2d开始,血清鸡痘病毒抗体水平就开始缓慢下降,到15日龄时下降至临界值,已有部分鸡开始出现抗体阴性反应;到21日龄时,全部被检血清抗体水平均转为阴性。分别于不同日龄对试验雏鸡免疫接种重组鸡痘疫苗,结果只有当鸡体内的鸡痘病毒母源抗体全部为阴性(21日龄)后免疫时才能产生可靠的保护作用,保护率达到80％以上。这说明鸡痘病毒母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗的效果有一定的影响,因此重组疫苗合理的首免时间应选择在3周龄以后。     

Detection of fowlpox virus DNA by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated probe

In situ hybridization was applied to detect fowlpox virus (FPV) DNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of the skin from infected chickens by using a biotinylated probe and a streptavidin-alkalinephosphatase conjugate. The immunohistochemical examination was applied to compare the distribution of the FPV DNA to that of related antigenic protein in serial sections. In the infected epithelial cells, FPV DNA was detected in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and in the rest of cytoplasm. Likewise, immunohistochemical examination revealed the virus antigen in cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, virions were observed in the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and immature virus particles were in the rest of the cytoplasm. The study proved restricted distribution of FPV DNA in the cytoplasm.     

Distribution and Expression of Recombinant Plasmid Encoding Chicken Interleukin-2

A plasmid DNA that encodes chicken interleukin-2 (pCI-ChIL-2-EGFP) was investigated for its distribution and expression after intramuscular (i.m.) injection in chickens. After the i.m. injection, serum distribution was detectable from 2 h post inoculation (p.i.), peaked at 8 h p.i., and disappeared at 7 days p.i. The plasmid DNA was also observed in several organs including heart, liver, lung, spleen, bursa and inoculated muscle at different time points, but at 19 days p.i. the plasmid DNA was not found in any organ except inoculated muscle. Fluorescence of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was found in cytoplasm and nucleus of cultured Vero cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes, which were transfected in vitro with the plasmid DNA or in vivo with Lipofectamine. The expression profile of the fusion gene (ChIL-2-EGFP) in vivo was measured by RT-PCR, ELISA and fluorescence microscopy. The EGFP expression was detected from 8 h p.i. to 14 days p.i. and peaked at 5 days p.i., when the number of EGFP-expression myocytes was about 5% in the injected site. These results demonstrate that intramuscular administration of plasmid DNA leads to widespread distribution and long-term expression in vivo.     

Evaluation of immune effects of fowlpox vaccine strains and field isolates

The immune effects of fowlpox virus (FPV) field isolates and vaccine strains were evaluated in chickens infected at the age of 1 day and 6 weeks. The field isolates and the obsolete vaccine strain (FPV S) contained integrated reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) provirus, while the current vaccine strain (FPVST) carries only REV LTR sequences. An indirect antibody ELISA was used to measure the FPV-specific antibody response. The non-specific humoral response was evaluated by injection of two T-cell-dependent antigens, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). There was no significant difference in the antibody response to FPV between chickens infected with FPV various isolates and strains at either age. In contrast, antibody responses to both SRBC and BSA were significantly lower in 1-day-old chickens inoculated with field isolates and FPV S at 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. Furthermore, cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses measured by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay and in vivo using a PHA-P skin test were significantly depressed in chickens inoculated with field isolates and FPV S at the same periods. In addition, thymus and bursal weights were lower in infected chickens. These immunosuppressive effects were not observed in chickens inoculated with the current vaccine strain, FPVST, at any time. The results of this study suggest that virulent field isolates and FPV S have immunosuppressive effects when inoculated into young chickens, which appeared in the first 3 weeks post infection. REV integrated in the FPV field isolates and FPV S may have played a central role in the development of immunosuppression.     

Sequential changes in the number of surface immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes in infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens

Variations of B lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (SIg) M [SIg(M)] and G [SIg(G)] were studied in the spleen and peripheral blood of chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The proportion of SIg-bearing B lymphocytes and SIg(M)- and SIg(G)-bearing B cells in chickens infected at one day of age decreased from 1 week postinfection (p.i.) onward and was significantly lower at 8 weeks p.i. In chickens infected at 4 weeks, the percentage of SIg-bearing B cells decreased severely during the first 2 weeks p.i. The decrease of SIg(M)-bearing B cells preceded that of SIg (G)-bearing B cells: the lowest percentage of SIg(M)-bearing B cells has observed 2 to 3 days p.i., and that of SIg(G)-bearing B cells was seen 4 days p.i. The results suggest that SIg(M)-bearing B cells are the major target for IBDV infection.     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的遗传稳定性评价

为了检测表达鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒糖蛋白gB基因重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB)的稳定性，我们对重组病毒进行6代和16代克隆纯化，对纯化后的病毒通过转瓶连续培养传20代，结果发现第6代纯化病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB-C6)在传代过程中有白斑出现，说明病毒纯度不够；经过16代纯化的病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB-C16)对细胞的嗜性加强，病毒的效价进一步升高，20代传代后蓝斑率仍然为100％，PCR的检测进一步证明插入的外源基因能在病毒的长期传代过程中稳定地遗传。抽取病毒细胞传代过程中的第5，10，15，20代次的病毒翅膀内侧无血管处皮下接种2周龄SPF鸡，20天后分为两组，分别用传染性喉气管炎病毒WG株和鸡痘病毒102株攻击，结果不同代次的重组病毒均可以使免疫鸡抵抗传染性喉气管炎病毒和鸡痘病毒强毒的攻击，鸡体内病毒传代试验表明，重组病毒在接种部位仅存在6天，之后就检测不到病毒，重组病毒通过SPF鸡连续传代，不存在病毒返祖的可能，由此可以得出一个结论：rFPV-ILTVgB在结构上和免疫原性上是稳定的，无论是在体外传代，还是在体内均可以稳定遗传，不存在因为接种重组疫苗而给免疫鸡群带来安全威胁的可能，完全可以作为疫苗毒株进行商品化开发。     

Susceptibility of laboratory animals to experimental infection with Ife virus

The susceptibility of rabbits, domestic chickens and albino rats to experimental infection with Ife virus was investigated. Neither pyrexia nor clinical signs of disease were observed in infected rabbits or chickens. Low-grade viraemia (10(1.0) mouse lethal doses per 0.02 ml) occurred in intracerebrally (i.c.) inoculated chicks on the second day post-infection. Complement-fixing antibody was detected on the 14th day post-inoculation in rabbits and on the 7th day in chickens. Infant rats less than 3 and 5 days of age died after subcutaneous (s.c.) and i.c. inoculation, respectively; older rats survived infection. Ife virus titres were highest in the brain following both i.c. and s.c. inoculation.     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫持续期试验

将200003批疫苗免疫4周龄SPF鸡,免疫后的7、14、21、30、60、90、120、150、180和225 d分别采血,分离血清,采用ELISA方法检测血清抗FPV抗体,结果表明重组疫苗免疫后14 d,免疫鸡血清抗体已经全部阳转,免疫后的21 d血清抗FPV的抗体出现峰值,此后便开始下降,到免疫后的6个月抗体水平已经接近阴性对照的水平.用ILTV WG株和FPV 102株强毒进行的攻毒保护试验与血清检测的结果基本一致,在免疫后的5个月内可以使免疫鸡获得100%(10/10)保护,免疫后的6个月对ILT和FP的免疫保护分别为1/7和2/10,此时需要对鸡群实施二次免疫.其他5批疫苗(200001、200002、200101、200102和200103)免疫SPF鸡后5个月用ILTV WG株和FPV 102株攻击也获得了完全保护.     

免疫鸡群感染新城疫强毒后的排毒规律

将经过２次新城疫（ＮＤ）基础免疫的ＳＰＦ鸡,随机分成５组,每组８只,在６０日龄时分别用Ｆ４８Ｅ８、Ｔｅｘａｓ、Ｈｅｒｔ３３ＮＤ强毒和Ｌａｓｏｔａ弱毒经口腔接种０．２５ｍＬ／只,１２ｈ后采取泄殖腔棉拭,利用ＮＤ强毒快速诊断试剂盒进行排毒的动态监测,并在攻毒前期、中期、后期测定各试验组ＳＰＦ鸡的ＨＩ效价。试验第３天开始排毒,２０ｄ结束,其间在６～７ｄ和１１～１３ｄ出现２次排毒高峰。ＨＩ抗体在初期先是降低１个滴度,后期开始升高而且离散度不断增大。