美利奴羊对蛇形毛圆线虫获得性免疫的维持

美利奴羊对蛇形毛圆线虫获得性免疫的维持莫重辉安志兴摘译于三科校１引言绵羊的营养状况影响其胃肠道寄生虫感染的病理生理学，也影响宿主对线虫免疫的发展速率。对放牧绵羊来说，其对胃肠道寄生虫免疫的维持和适当增加是很重要的，这有助于减少寄生线早所引起的损失。在...     

辽宁阜新地区绵羊体内外寄生虫种类的调查

为查清危害本地区绵羊寄生虫的种类和主要虫种，因地制宜地制定防治办法，笔者历时几年时间，采用不同调查方法，对当地绵羊和无角美利妈羊寄生虫进行调查，结果表明，当地绵羊体内外寄生虫共有12种；美利奴羊寄生虫共有23种，本地区主要危害虫种是胃肠道线虫，尤以捻转血矛线虫为主。     

山西省牛、羊胃肠道寄生虫调查与综合防控措施

为了弄清山西省牛、羊胃肠道感染主要寄生虫的种类及其感染强度,进而制订合理有效的防控措施,试验采用饱和食盐水漂浮法对山西省大同、朔州和忻州3个地区12个县的牛、羊胃肠道寄生虫感染情况进行了调查。结果表明:在3个地区12个县中,胃肠道寄生虫感染率最高达91%,感染强度最高可达3 646.66个(每克粪便中的虫卵数),且多为数种寄生虫混合感染。不同地区和不同畜种间差别较大,以大同地区牛、羊感染较重,朔州和忻州次之;羊较牛感染严重。牛的细颈线虫、食道口线虫、古柏线虫、球虫检出率较高;羊的捻转血矛线虫、毛圆线虫、仰口线虫、细颈线虫、球虫检出率较高。     

广州地区山羊寄生虫病的调查与防治试验

本次对广州地区某羊场山羊的体内外寄生虫进行了调查,通过体表、粪便检查以及尸体剖检发现;体外寄生虫有山羊蚧螨和山羊毛虱;体内寄生虫有寄生于第四胃和小肠物毛圆科线虫,包括血矛线虫属、毛圆属、奥斯特属、马歇尔属、古柏属多种线虫。采用害获灭和螨净对以上寄生虫进行治疗试验。发现害获灭对山羊螨、虱及胃肠道线虫都有较好的驱杀作用。其中对胃肠道线虫的驱净率达１００％,某此螨病较为严重的山羊采用害获灭肌注,同时配合     

用嗜线虫真菌防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展

简要论述了嗜线虫真菌种类及其捕捉器官和国内外生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的研究进展。国内外防治该病主要是用各种驱虫药物定期驱虫，由此造成寄生虫抗药性、动物组织残留药物、环境污染、线虫反复感染等诸多负作用。用线虫天敌嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病成为该领域研究的重点课题之一。实验室和野外的大量研究结果证明，嗜线虫真菌在通过动物胃肠道时能不被消化，从而保持活性，在粪便中能有效捕食营自由生活阶段的线虫幼虫，使放牧草场中感染性线虫幼虫明显减少，呈现出良好的生物防治效果。文章重点介绍了嗜线虫真菌Duddingtonia flagrans，对用嗜线虫真菌生物防治家畜胃肠道线虫病的前景充满信心。     

“驱虫多”对羊体内多种寄生虫驱除试验

我国寄生于羊体的寄生虫常见的有肝片吸虫和胃肠道的捻转胃虫、结节虫、钩虫、毛圆线虫、细颈线虫、鞭虫,其次是肺线虫和绦虫。而现有的驱虫药,能驱除肝片吸虫的,不能驱除胃肠道线虫,能驱除胃肠道线虫的,又不能驱除肝片吸虫,或者对绦虫效果不好,或者对肺线虫效果不佳。总之,目前还没有一种驱虫药能同时驱除上述4大类多种常见寄生虫。为此,我们研制了“驱虫多”,于1989年1～     

阿维菌素在防治猪寄生虫病中的应用

1 驱虫范围 阿维菌素具有同时驱除猪内、外寄生虫的优点,它对内寄生虫的胃肠道线虫,如猪蛔虫、猪胃圆线虫、猪食道口线虫（结节虫）、猪毛首线虫（鞭虫）等的成虫和大部分的第四期幼虫以及肺线虫的猪后圆线虫（肺丝虫）、猪冠尾线虫（猪肾虫）的成虫都具有驱杀作用．但对它们的卵没有杀灭作用，阿维菌素对吸虫和绦虫、结肠小袋纤毛虫、猪球虫等没有作用。     

硝氯酚与左咪唑复合疗法驱除牛多种寄生虫

吉林省各地区牛普遍遭受肝片吸虫、胃肠道线虫和肺线虫等多种寄生虫的侵袭,危害比较严重。特别是延边、吉林、通化三地区危害更大,是当前牛只瘦弱、爬窝、死亡的重要原因之一。过去驱治这些寄生虫多用     

哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染情况调查

胃肠道线虫病是对绵羊危害较严重的主要寄生虫病之一,严重影响养羊业的发展,为了摸清伊犁地区哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染情况,有效地指导防治工作。笔者采用硫酸镁饱和液漂浮法和尼龙筛兜淘洗法对本地区内哈萨克羊进行了初步抽检调查。调查结果表明:该地区哈萨克羊胃肠道线虫感染率为100%,所获寄生虫8种,即食道口线虫、捻转血矛线虫、细颈线虫、毛圆线虫、古柏线虫、夏伯特线虫、毛首线虫和类圆线虫,并多数羊只混合感染。     

张家川县羊寄生虫调查

为了查清张家川县山头寄生虫感染情况，进行了多次调查。共剖检山、绵羊62只，诊断性驱虫1433只，粪检1575只，体表检查126只，血片镜检438只，结果检出寄生虫59种，隶属于5纲、11目、20科、34属，其中危害严重的有胃肠道线虫、肺线虫、扩展莫尼茨绦虫、羊狂蝇、山头泰勒虫等。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。