四环素类抗生素在环境中的风险评估研究进展

四环素类抗生素因成本低、价格低、抗菌谱广及抗菌活性好等特点被广泛用于养殖业,由于其在动物体内吸收较少,大部分以原形或代谢物的形式排出体外,随动物的粪便、尿液进入环境。多项研究表明,四环素类抗生素在环境中的暴露量大,吸附能力强、迁移能力弱,微生物、光照及温度都会影响其在环境中的稳定性,其在环境中的暴露对植物生长、水生生物及微生物群落结构数量和抗性基因均会产生负面影响。作者综述了四环素类抗生素在环境中的暴露现状、吸附及降解行为特性、效应研究及其在环境中的风险评估现状,旨在引起人们对环境中四环素类抗生素污染的重视,为环境中四环素类抗生素及抗性基因的去除提供参考,并对今后四环素类抗生素的环境风险评估提出展望。     

免疫分析技术在四环素类抗生素残留检测中的应用

四环素类抗生素一类广谱性抗生素,主要用于治疗各种感染性疾病,但长期的违规滥用,导致其在动物源性食品以及环境中大量残留,严重威胁人类健康。因此,急需建立简单、灵敏的快速检测方法。免疫分析技术因其特异性强、灵敏度高等优势已成为快速检测方法研究的热点。本文主要综述了已在四环素类抗生素残留检测中应用的放射性免疫、酶联免疫、胶体金免疫层析以及电化学免疫传感器免疫分析方法,并对其发展方向进行展望。     

四环素类兽药的环境行为及其生态毒理学研究进展

抗生素类兽药是一类在畜禽养殖和水产养殖过程中广泛使用的兽药,持续大量使用对生态环境产生的危害已经引起社会各界乃至全球范围的关注。四环素类抗生素使用量在抗生素中处于前列,其在环境中大量残留,已经对环境产生了潜在的危险。论文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从四环素类抗生素在环境和食品中的残留情况、对水污染的情况以及对土壤污染等方面论述了四环素类抗生素的环境行为,同时从水生生态毒理学等方面论述了四环素类抗生素生态毒理的研究进展,并提出了应该尽快建立和完善四环素类抗生素以及其他抗生素的环境生态风险评估体系的建议。     

畜禽粪便残留四环素类抗生素的水体污染状况及生态毒理效应

四环素类抗生素是我国畜牧业使用量最大的广谱抗生素之一,因其在动物肠胃系统内难以被完全吸收而在畜禽粪便中残留量较大,导致大量四环素类抗生素随畜禽粪便还田进入土壤,最终进入水环境,并对水环境造成潜在的环境风险。综述了四环类抗生素对我国水体的污染状况及其对水生生物的生态毒理效应,以期为控制该类抗生素对我国水环境的污染提供参考。     

四环素的研究进展

四环素类抗生素是发现于上世纪40年代的一类广谱抗生素,50年代开始应用于幼儿和孕妇以外的临床。在一段时间内四环素还是重要的动物生长促进添加剂。目前仅有少量的四环素类还应用于临床。四环素类抗生素广泛应用于革兰氏阳、阴性细菌,细胞内支原体,衣原体和立克次氏体引起的感染。在长时间、低剂量给药情况下,它还可用于真核原虫寄生虫病和非感染性疾病的治疗。四环素耐药病原体的相继发现严重影响了四环素的治疗效果。本文综述了四环素对细     

四环素类药物残留分析方法研究进展

四环素类抗生素是由链霉菌产生的一类广谱抗生素,主要有四环素(TC)、金霉素(CT)、土霉素(OTC)、多西环素(DOTC)和美他环素(METC)等。在畜禽、水生生物等产业领域应用此类药物可预防和治疗动物疾病、促进动物生     

牛奶中β-内酰胺类和四环素类抗生素检测方法

可同时快速检测牛奶中β-内酰胺类和四环素类试纸条产品,采用特异性的抗体抗原反应及免疫层析分析技术,应用β-内酰胺类和四环素类抗生素抗体竞争结合β-内酰胺类和四环素类抗生素偶联物和样品中可能含有β-内酰胺类和/或四环素类抗生素的原理,具有体积小、易储存、携带方便、不需要仪器设备、操作简单、可现场检测且不需加热、可通过肉眼判断等优点.本文介绍了该产品的检测项目及检测限、操作步骤、与同类产品对比优势等.     

四环素类抗生素的环境行为研究进展

在中国,四环素类抗生素的生产和使用量居各类兽药之首。其残留在环境中而发生的各种环境行为,对环境和生态所造成的危害已引起社会各界的广泛关注。本文着重对四环素类抗生素的吸附,迁移,降解等环境行为研究进行相关综述,揭示其环境行为,为此类药物的污染防治提供科学依据。     

雏鸡强力霉素中毒的诊断报告

强力霉素,又名脱氧土霉素、多西环素,属四环素类抗生素,因其作用广,抗菌效果好,价格便宜,使用方便,临床上常用于治疗鸡慢性呼吸道病、大肠杆菌病、巴氏杆菌病等疫病,一般认为毒性较小,但如果超大剂量使用,也极易引起中毒.     

四环索类药物残留分析方法研究进展

四环素类抗生素是由链霉菌产生的一类广谱抗生素，主要有四环素（TC）、金霉素（CT）、土霉素（OTC）、多西环素（DOTC）和美他环素（METC）等。在畜禽、水生生物等产业领域应用此类药物可预防和治疗动物疾病、促进动物生长、提高饲料转化率。但是，人们长期食用含四环素药物残留的动物食品及其制品，必然会危及人类的健康。四环素类药物的毒性反应主要表现在对胃、肠、肝脏的损害，以及牙齿的染色，还会造成过敏反应、二重感染、     

动物应用抗菌药的风险及防制对策

食品动物因大量应用抗菌药物产生耐药菌株，对动物和人类健康及生态环境造成危害，为此欧盟对多种促生长抗菌药颁布了禁令，导致了动物治疗用抗菌药的急剧增加及畜牧业经济效益的降低。本文就此展开讨论，强调必须开发新型抗菌药物，合理应用抗菌药，加强抗菌药药效学及药动学研究，健全食源性病原菌耐药性监测系统等。     

Assessment of antibiotic use in farm animals in Rwanda

The irrational use of antibiotics in humans and animals is highly related to the emergence and increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide. A cross-sectional survey aimed at evaluating the current level of practices regarding antibiotic use in farm animals in Rwanda was carried out countrywide. Interviews were conducted on 229 farmers rearing different types of animals. The study has revealed that almost all respondent farmers could name at least one antibiotic used in farm animals and peni-streptomycin was named by most of them (95.6%). The use of antibiotics in farm animals was observed in the majority of respondents (97.4%). It was found that 44.4 and 26.5% of respondents reported that they used antibiotics for disease prevention and growth promotion, respectively. The use of non-prescribed antibiotics in animals was also reported by more than the half of respondent farmers (55.6%). The majority of farmers had a moderate level of practices regarding antibiotic use in farm animals (73.5%), very few had a high level (26%) and only one respondent had a low level. The high level of practices in regard to antibiotic use in animals was associated with the location of the farm, the type of reared animals, and the rearing system. The results of this study give an insight into antibiotics usage practices in farm animals in Rwanda. The generated information can guide sensitizations and promotions of the prudent use of antibiotics among farmers in order to limit the increase of antibiotic resistance in the country.     

Importance of prudent antibiotic use on dairy farms in South Carolina: a pilot project on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices

Inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals contributes to decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria of medical importance. Resistant bacteria being transferred from animals to humans are causing public health concern. In-person interviews were conducted with 20 dairy farmers in rural counties of South Carolina to determine farmers' knowledge and attitudes about prudent antibiotic use among livestock. Four focus groups (n = 22) were also conducted to ascertain farmers' specific information needs about proper antibiotic use. Survey results showed that participants (100%) typically determined a need for antibiotic treatment using symptom assessment and reported following some form of operating procedures regarding administration of antibiotics. Few farmers (32%) had actual written antibiotic protocols. Preferred information sources about antibiotics were veterinarians (100%) and other dairy farmers (50%). Most farmers (86%) were not concerned that overuse of antibiotics in animals could result in antibiotic resistance among farm workers. Qualitative analysis of focus groups revealed significant barriers to following proper antibiotic procedures including limited finances and lack of time. The need for bilingual educational resources for Hispanic/Latino dairy workers was expressed. Desired formats for educational materials were posters, flowcharts, videos, and seminars. Education of South Carolina dairy farmers by veterinarians and public health professionals on the appropriate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle is needed to ensure antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans.     

Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan

Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging global public health threat. Farmers in the Khartoum state are believed to misuse antibiotics in animal farming leading to daily exposure to resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Hence, farmers are at potential risk exposure to bacteria, zoonotic infection and toxicity. We hypothesized that farmers' misuse of antibiotics could be due to their ignorance of the importance of optimal use of antibiotics, the potential health hazards and the economical waste associated with antibiotic misuse practices. In the present study, we investigated knowledge and practices among farmers regarding antibiotic use and resistance. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state where data were collected from 81 farmers using structured interviews. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fifty-two per cent of farmers were uneducated or had studied for < 6 years. The majority reported antibiotic use for treatment and prevention while only 5% stated use for growth promotion. Antibiotic group treatment for both sick and healthy animals was commonly practiced among most farmers. The most commonly used group of antibiotics was the quinolones, which was reported by one-third. Only 30% of the farmers had heard of antibiotic resistance and provided their definition. Almost half were not aware of the commonly transferred zoonotic infections between humans and animals. The farmers consume 1-2 meals/day from their own farm products. A significant association between low education, poor knowledge of farmers on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and zoonotic infections was found. This association may play a vital role in the present practiced misuse of antibiotics. Our findings on farmers' practices could be used as baseline information in defining the gaps related to antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming in Sudan. It can thus serve as a foundation for future interventions.     

Resistance to antibiotics in the normal flora of animals.

The normal bacterial flora contains antibiotic resistance genes to various degrees, even in individuals with no history of exposure to commercially prepared antibiotics. Several factors seem to increase the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in feces. One important factor is the exposure of the intestinal flora to antibacterial drugs. Antibiotics used as feed additives seem to play an important role in the development of antibiotic resistance in normal flora bacteria. The use of avoparcin as a feed additive has demonstrated that an antibiotic considered "safe" is responsible for increased levels of antibiotic resistance in the normal flora enterococci of animals fed with avoparcin and possibly in humans consuming products from these animals. However, other factors like stress from temperature, crowding, and management also seem to contribute to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in normal flora bacteria. The normal flora of animals has been studied with respect to the development of antibiotic resistance over four decades, but there are few studies with the intestinal flora as the main focus. The results of earlier studies are valuable when focused against the recent understanding of mobile genetics responsible for bacterial antibiotic resistance. New studies should be undertaken to assess whether the development of antibiotic resistance in the normal flora is directly linked to the dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens. Bacteria of the normal flora, often disregarded scientifically, should be studied with the intention of using them as active protection against infectious diseases and thereby contributing to the overall reduction of use of antibioties in both animals and humans.     

Human health aspects of antibiotic use in food animals: a review

Antibiotic use not only selects for resistance in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the commensal flora of exposed individuals. Veterinary surgeons regularly prescribe antibiotics for food animals to treat bacterial infections just as doctors do for human patients. In addition, however, animal feeds contain added antibiotics not for therapy but for economic reasons: to enhance the growth rate of these animals. Several of the antibiotics used as growth promoters are analogues of and fully cross resistant with important antibiotics used in human medicine. As a result of this high exposure to antibiotics, the prevalence of resistant bacteria in the faecal flora of these animals is high. These resistant bacteria can be directly and indirectly, via foods of animal origin, transferred to humans and either colonize the human intestinal tract or exchange their resistance genes with commensal bacteria of humans. As the intestinal flora functions as a reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria and because many bacterial species of the intestinal flora are potential pathogens, the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in human medicine may be jeopardized.     

Antibiotic resistance: an overview

The results of large scale surveys have indicated that in general terms antibiotic resistance in bacteria has not increased, especially in Europe and North America. When the prevalence of resistance in specific bacteria has increased the increase has usually been associated with the introduction of a novel antimicrobial agent, whether in human or veterinary clinical practice, but the prevalence of resistance that is recognised may be very small. It would appear that the use of antibiotics in livestock farming during the past 20 years has not compromised public health. Any problems in human medicine which are due to bacterial resistance have resulted from the use of antibiotics in man and not from their use in agriculture. Similarly, any problems in veterinary medicine which are due to bacterial resistance have resulted from the use of antibiotics in animals and not from their use in man.     

内蒙古中东部地区不同来源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

本研究旨在调查内蒙古赤峰、通辽地区不同来源的大肠杆菌对抗生素类药物的耐药情况。采用K-B法分析来源于鹅、牛和猪等患病动物分离出的46株大肠杆菌对13种常用的抗生素类药物的耐药性;鹅源和猪源大肠杆菌对盐酸多西环素的耐药率最高,分别达95.2%和93.3%;牛源大肠杆菌对盐酸沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星和盐酸多西环素的耐药率最高,达80.0%。多重耐药性结果表明,患病动物的大肠杆菌以6耐（23.9%）为主;牛源大肠杆菌则以7耐（40%）最多。总体耐药谱型以恩诺沙星/氟苯尼考/盐酸多西环素/阿莫西林/硫酸新霉素为主（24.4%）。不同来源的大肠杆菌对抗生素类药物均产生了严重的耐药性,因此不但要求养殖人员学会合理使用抗生素类药物,同时研究开发逆转耐药性的新药物或对抗生素类药物有增敏效用的新药物十分必要。     

Investigation on Antibiotics Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated fromDifferent Sources in the Middle East Region of Inner Mongolia

The study was aimed to research the antibiotics resistance of Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from different sources of Chifeng and Tongliao areas in Inner Mongolia.Using K-B method, we analysed the resistance situation of 46 strains E.coli isolated from goose, bovine and porcine to thirteen kinds of antibiotic drugs. The resistance rates of E.coli isolated from goose and porcine had the highest resistance to doxycycline hydrochloride drug, which were 95.2% and 93.3%,respectively. The resistant rate of E.coli isolated from bovine had the highest resistance to sarafloxacinhydrochloride,enrofloxacin and hydrochloric acid doxycycline, which was 80.0%. Multi-resistance results showed that the prevalence of E.coli in diseased animals with 6 resistance mainly(23.9%);Bovine source with 7 resistance (40%). The resistance type in general was enrofloxacin/florfenicol/doxycycline/amoxicillin/neomycin sulfate. E.coli from different sources of diseased animals to antibiotics had a serious resistance. So,it is not only necessary for farmers to learn to use antibiotics rationally, but also to develop new drugs that are resistant to drug resistance or new drug allergic to antibiotics.     

The need for a veterinary antibiotic policy.

The international recognition of the 'stable to table' approach to food safety emphasises the need for appropriate and safe use of antibiotics in animal production. An appropriate use of antibiotics for food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing antibiotics, support animal health and welfare and limit the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans. Furthermore, it may promote consumer confidence in the veterinary use of antibiotics. In advancing these arguments, the authors of this article argue that there is a need for a visible and operational policy for veterinary use of antibiotics, paying particular attention to the policies that are being developed in Denmark.