牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗的区域试验

牦牛大肠埃希氏病俗称"牦牛瘦死病".该病在那曲地区广泛流行,主要引起牦牛高热、寒颤、精神不振、食欲废绝、喘气、呼吸困难、呻吟、下痢等,病程较长的可见神经症状,先是兴奋不安,后沉郁、昏迷至死亡.     

牦牛ETEC灭活疫苗安全性与免疫效力试验

对本实验室制备的4批牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗进行了安全和免疫效力试验.结果表明,该疫苗对家兔和牦牛初次和再次倍量接种均是安全的,皮下和肌肉接种也是安全的.免疫效力试验结果表明,当免疫机体体内抗体效价达到1:128时,即可产生可靠的免疫力,抵抗牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的攻击.家兔对免疫攻毒保护率为80%,牦牛保护率为95%.说明牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗对于预防牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病安全有效.     

牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗的制备

用本实验室分离鉴定的致病性牦牛大肠埃希氏菌，按常规方法制备了4批氢氧化铝胶灭活疫苗。对牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的菌液培养、纯粹检验、活菌计数、灭活等进行了探索，并对用该菌研制成的疫苗进行了常规检验。结果4批灭活疫苗经无菌检验为阴性；经物理性状检验为：静置后上层是淡黄色的澄明液体，下层为灰白色沉淀，振荡后呈均匀混浊液；经牦牛安全检验结果为安全；经牦牛效力试验有效。牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病灭活疫苗为免疫预防该病打下了良好的基础。     

西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌生物学特性的研究

本文对西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌进行培养特性、形态染色、鞭毛检查、血凝性、生化试验、血清型鉴定、抗原性、致病性等生物学特性研究,同时用大肠埃希氏菌标准菌种C83907做对照试验.结果表明,西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌在普通琼脂平板上可形成光滑型和粗糙型两种类型的菌落,在5%绵羊鲜血琼脂平板上无溶血现象;具有运动性,对家兔红细胞表现出强凝集,而对牦牛、绵羊、马、鸡、猪、鸭的红细胞不凝集,能发酵大多数糖类;其0抗原血清型为026、0142、0148和0158混合型;牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的培养物对家兔具有致病性,用牦牛大肠埃希氏菌油乳剂疫苗2次免疫家兔14 d后检测抗体效价,抗体效价≥2<8>.     

牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病蜂胶疫苗的研制

作者制备了3批牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病蜂胶疫苗。制备了蜂胶佐剂和培养基,进行了牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的菌液培养、纯粹检验、活菌计数、灭活及无菌检验,配苗、分装及成品检验。3批牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病蜂胶疫苗无菌检验为阴性;物理性状检验为：静置后上层是乳黄色液体,下层为土黄色沉淀,振荡后呈均匀混浊液;经家兔安全检验结果为安全;经家兔效力试验,免疫后家兔抗体效价≥12．709lg2,对家兔具有免疫保护作用;蜂胶疫苗经防冻试验证明,随着蜂胶含量的增高,防冻效果越好。本试验为西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌病的预防提供依据。     

布劳恩脂蛋白对大肠埃希氏菌感染导致的小鼠体内细胞因子分泌及死亡的调节作用

细菌外膜成分布劳恩脂蛋白(Braun lipoprotein,BLP)在调控大肠埃希氏菌感染导致的宿主炎症反应过程中发挥的具体作用尚不清楚。该研究分析了野生型大肠埃希氏菌(BLP表达阳性)、大肠埃希氏菌JE5505(BLP表达阴性)和大肠埃希氏菌JE5505与BLP联合刺激小鼠后,体内促炎性细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-1β)、抗炎因子(IL-10)和趋化因子(RANTES)分泌的情况,以及小鼠的存活率和脏器的损伤水平。结果表明,大肠埃希氏菌JE5505组感染小鼠后导致死亡的速度比野生型大肠埃希氏菌组和大肠埃希氏菌JE5505与BLP联合刺激组更迅速;JE5505与BLP联合刺激组在感染20 h后小鼠不再出现死亡。在大肠埃希氏菌JE5505感染的小鼠血清、肝脏和肺脏中,促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子的分泌水平显著高于、抗炎细胞因子显著低于野生型大肠埃希氏菌组和大肠埃希氏菌JE5505与BLP联合刺激组的小鼠(P<0.01)。此外,BLP的存在可下调大肠埃希氏菌感染导致小鼠脏器中组织损伤标志物HMGB1和HABP2的蛋白表达(P<0.05)。说明细菌外膜成分BLP耐受可能通过调节炎症介质的产生,进而对细菌感染导致宿主脏器损伤和炎症反应发挥调控和保护作用,从而避免小鼠在被大肠埃希氏菌感染后出现快速死亡的现象。     

牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的肠毒素试验

从自然病死牦牛体内分离出3株大肠埃希氏,用改良Mundell产毒液体培养基分别培养,培养物经高速离心,过滤,使用滤液做兔回肠结扎试验,乳鼠灌胃试验和大鼠回肠环袢试验.结果表明3株大肠埃希氏菌均产生肠毒素,阐明了牦牛腹泻的病因.     

一株牦牛源约氏乳酸杆菌FYL1的分离鉴定

为了对牦牛源约氏乳酸杆菌进行生理生化鉴定,并明确其生物学特性,进而为运用于相关领域的临床探究提供理论根据,试验采用传统经典的MRS选择培养基,取牦牛小肠黏膜活检组织逐级纯化分离乳酸杆菌,然后对最终分离出的菌株做生理生化学判定及16S rRNA基因测序,并对其耐受强酸和高浓度胆盐、抑制致病性大肠埃希氏菌的特性以及生物安全性等进行进一步分析。结果表明:从健康牦牛犊小肠黏膜活检组织中最终纯化出1株牦牛源约氏乳酸杆菌FYL1,可在MRS选择培养基中生长良好,能够耐受pH值为2的强酸和0.40%高浓度胆盐条件,对于致病性大肠埃希氏菌O111有着很好的抑制效果;而且具备良好的生物安全性能,生理生化鉴定此菌株为约氏乳酸杆菌。说明该牦牛源约氏乳酸杆菌FYL1具备良好的生物安全性,对强酸、高浓度胆盐的耐受特性和抵抗致病性大肠埃希氏菌的生物学性能皆较好。     

某牛场奶牛产后败血症的细菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

某牧场母牛产后发生体温升高、呼吸困难、乳汁中带血等症状,发病牛衰竭死亡,针对此种情况,采取病死牛的心脏、肝脏、子宫、乳汁等进行病原菌的分离和纯化,对其进行16S rRNA测序鉴定,毒力基因检测,致病性试验和药敏试验,还对牛的饮用水进行细菌数量的检测。结果显示,致病菌为大肠埃希氏菌、沙雷氏菌和产色葡萄球菌。在毒力基因检测试验中,从病料及饮用水分离出的20株大肠埃希氏菌中有3株携有毒力基因hlyA、STb、F17。致病性试验显示,在分离出的8株大肠埃希氏菌中4株为致病性大肠埃希氏菌,分离出的沙雷氏菌和产色葡萄球菌对小鼠均有致病力,可使部分小鼠死亡。药敏试验显示,分离出的致病性大肠埃希氏菌普遍对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、美罗培南敏感;黏质沙雷氏菌对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、美罗培南等5种药物敏感,产色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素等11种药物敏感。水质检验显示,该牛场牛的饮用水中细菌总数和大肠埃希氏菌数量均严重超出国家标准。研究结果对预防、治疗奶牛产后败血症都具有指导意义。     

家兔大肠埃希氏菌病的诊断与防治

家兔大肠埃希氏菌病是由大肠埃希氏菌的某些特定血清型株感染所引起的,发生于家兔、豚鼠等的肠道传染病,常在家兔群中形成大范围传播,并且可导致感染兔死亡。家兔大肠埃希氏菌病尤其对幼龄兔(4～6周龄幼兔)的影响最为严重,其不但极容易受到感染,而且在感染后常常迅速死亡。贵阳医学院实验动物中心饲养的家兔,近年来多次发生大肠埃希氏菌病,为了有效地控制该病的发生与发展,我们对2002年10月的发病家兔进行了病原学检查和治疗观察,现将结果报告如下。1发病情况与临床表现发病动物主要表现为腹泻,少食,体温降低或正常,并且多数迅速死亡。大多…     

Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea.

Eighteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and 15 isolates of nonenterotoxigenic E coli (NETEC) obtained from calves with diarrheal disease were characterized biochemically. Of 64 biochemical tests employed, none allowed making differentiation of ETEC from NETEC. Eleven tests were used to separate ETEC isolates into 1 of 5 biotypes, although the ability to ferment dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, and sorbose gave sufficient information to identify the 5 biotypes of ETEC. The biotype data were confirmed upon testing 159 additional isolates of ETEC of bovine origin. All isolates of ETEC studied belong to serogroups O9:K35, O101:K30, O8:K85, O20:K? O8:K25, and O101:K28. The ETEC in different serogroups were also different biotypically, with the exception that isolates in serogroups O101:K28 and O101:K30 were of the same biotype. The K99 antigen was detected in 172 of the 177 isolates of ETEC and in 1 of 15 isolates of NETEC. Marked biochemical differences were not found between K99 + and K99- isolates of E coli.     

Prevalence of fimbial colonization factors F18ab and F18ac in Escherichia coli isolates from weaned piglets with edema and/or diarrhea in China

F18ab and F18ac are important fimbrial colonization factors of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and/or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in weaned piglets with edema disease and/or diarrhea. To further investigate their prevalence and correlation to pathogenic E. coli, a duplex PCR, using three primers derived from the nucleotide sequence of the F18 major fimbrial subunit gene (fedA), and a direct agglutination test, using a monoclonal antibody specific for the antigenic factor 'a' of F18, were performed. Among 60VTEC, 24VTEC/ETEC and 24 ETEC isolates tested from weaned piglets with edema disease and/or diarrhea in different pig farms in the Jiangsu Province of China, 52 isolates (48.15%) were positive in the direct agglutination test and 63 isolates (58.33%) were positive in the duplex PCR. Among 63 PCR-positive isolates, 53 isolates (49.07%) were F18ab-positive and 10 isolates (9.26%) were F18ac-positive. In addition, the F18ab gene was more frequently detected in VTEC (61.67%) or VTEC/ETEC (62.50%) than in ETEC (4.17% only), while the F18ac gene was more frequently detected in VTEC/ETEC (33.33%) than in ETEC (8.33%) or VTEC (0%). Furthermore, F18ab was more frequently associated with Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e), whereas F18ac was more frequently associated with enterotoxin ST I. These results suggest that the duplex PCR performed in this experiment is a more reliable method for identification of F18+E. coli, and that F18 is a more important virulence factor of VTEC and VTEC/ETEC.     

Avirulent K88 (F4)+ Escherichia coli strains constructed to express modified enterotoxins protect young piglets from challenge with a virulent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain that expresses the same adhesion and enterotoxins

Virulence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is associated with fimbrial adhesins and enterotoxins such as heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. Previous studies using a cell culture model suggest that exclusion of ETEC from attachment to epithelial cells requires expression of both an adhesin such as K88 (F4) fimbriae, and LT. To test the ability of non-pathogenic E. coli constructs to exclude virulent ETEC sufficiently to prevent clinical disease, we utilized a piglet ETEC challenge model. Thirty-nine 5-day-old piglets were inoculated with a placebo (control), or with either of the three K88(+)E. coli strains isogenic with regard to modified LT expression: 8017 (pBR322 plasmid vector control), non-toxigenic mutant 8221 (LT(R192G)) in pBR322, or 8488, with the LT gene fused to the STb gene in pBR322 (LT(R192G)-STb). Piglets were challenged with virulent ETEC Strain 3030-2 (K88(+)/LT/STb) 24h post-inoculation. K88ac receptor-positive piglets in the control group developed diarrhea and became dehydrated 12-24h post-challenge. Piglets inoculated with 8221 or 8488 did not exhibit clinical signs of ETEC disease; most piglets inoculated with 8017 showed diarrhea. Control pigs exhibited significant weight loss, increased blood total protein, and higher numbers of colony-forming units of 3030-2 E. coli in washed ileum and jejunum than treated pigs. This study shows for the first time that pre-inoculation with an avirulent strain expressing adhesive fimbriae and a non-toxic form of LT provides significant short term protection from challenge with a virulent ETEC strain that expresses the same fimbrial adhesion and enterotoxin.     

Comparative prevalence of four enterotoxin genes among Escherichia coli isolated from swine

Presence of Escherichia coli enterotoxin genes LT (heat-labile enterotoxin), STaP (heat-stable enterotoxin a, porcine genotype), STaH (heat-stable enterotoxin a, human genotype), and STb (heat-stable enterotoxin b) among 874 swine isolates of E coli was determined, using DNA probes and the DNA colony hybridization technique. Of the 874 isolates evaluated, 45% hybridized with at least one of the enterotoxin gene probes and were designated as enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC). Eighty-five percent of the ETEC were from pigs with enteric colibacillosis. The remaining 15% were from pigs with edema disease or various other diseases, and from healthy swine. Seventy-four percent of the ETEC hybridized with the STb probe, 52% with STaP, and 31% with LT; ETEC did not hybridize with the STaH probe. Most of the ETEC hybridized with more than one enterotoxin gene probe. Isolates that hybridized with the LT probe also hybridized with STb. The most prevalent gene combination was LT-STb. However, 35% of the ETEC from neonatal (less than or equal to 1 week old) swine with enteric colibacillosis were of the STaP-only genotype, and 33% of the ETEC from older swine with enteric colibacillosis were of the STb-only genotype.     

Replicon typing of F18 fimbriae encoding plasmids of enterotoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains from porcine postweaning diarrhoea and oedema disease

The presence of fimbrial adhesin F18 is frequently found in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) strains responsible for diarrhoea and oedema disease of weaned pigs. The F18 adhesin occurs in two antigenic variants: F18ab is characteristic of VTEC while F18ac is more typical for ETEC. F18 encoding plasmids of 17 phenotypically characterized porcine E. coli isolates (10 ETEC, 6 VTEC and 1 ETEC/VTEC) were tested with a DNA probe for F18 fimbrial adhesin and with replicon probes for the RepFIa, RepFIb and for the RepFIc family of basic replicons. In all the cases, the F18 probe hybridized to only one plasmid band of size higher than 42MDa. All F18 plasmids were determined to be unireplicon plasmids belonging to the RepFIc replicon family of the F incompatibility complex. There was no difference between F18ac plasmids of ETEC and F18ab plasmids of VTEC strains in terms of replicon type or subtype. However, the size of F18ab plasmids of the VTEC strains varied between 42 and 98MDa, in contrast to F18ac plasmids of ETEC strains (constantly approximately 98MDa).     

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals.

Animal diseases due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) typically appear as severe watery diarrhoea during the first few days of life (also a few days after weaning in pigs). ETEC adhere to the small intestinal microvilli without inducing morphological lesions and produce enterotoxins acting locally on enterocytes. This action results in the hypersecretion (of water and electrolytes) and reduced absorption. Adhesins and toxins are the two prominent virulence attributes of ETEC and the level of knowledge of these factors determines the chances for successful prevention and therapy of the disease. For animal ETEC the most common adhesins are the fimbriae (pili) on the surface: F4(K88), F5(K99), F6(987P), F41, F42, F165, F17 and F18. Enterotoxins (extracellular proteins or peptides) of animal ETEC are classified as heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins with further subdivisions (LTh-I, LTp-I, LTIIa, LTIIb, STaH, STaP, STb) according to antigenic and biological differences. Fimbriae and LT enterotoxins are made up of large molecular weight proteins which facilitate their utilisation in vaccines and their detection using immunodiagnostic systems. The adhesive fimbriae and enterotoxins of animal ETEC are plasmid determined (except F41 and F17). Virulence gene probes (DNA hybridisation, PCR) are specific and sensitive diagnostic and epidemiologic tools for the detection of ETEC. Based on genetic typing, the ETEC, in spite of limited serogroups, seem to represent a population of E. coli with a diverse genetic background.     

Enterotoxigenic K99+ Escherichia coli attachment to host cell receptors inhibited by recombinant pili protein

Most enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from neonatal cattle with diarrhea (enteric colibacillosis) exhibit the colonization factor antigen, K99. The K99 pili are necessary for the bacteria to bind to a receptor, N-glycolylneuraminic acid-GM3 on the host cells in the small intestine where the bacteria multiply and secrete toxins that cause the diarrhea. When the attachment of the ETEC to host cell is inhibited, the bacteria do not accumulate sufficiently in the gut to cause disease. Since purified K99 pili block K99+ ETEC from binding to host epithelia, three recombinant K99 proteins of different sizes were developed and produced to demonstrate inhibition with in vitro competitive binding assays. The full-length recombinant protein, rK99-476 inhibited the binding of ETEC with an activity similar to that of the native purified K99, whereas the truncated recombinant K99 protein had no inhibitory activity. Thus this binding activity of rK99-476, which is specific and effective in blocking the receptors on the host cells, may be able to competitively inhibit K99+ ETEC infections in cattle.     

国内外猪源产肠毒素大肠杆菌疫苗研究进展

仔猪腹泻是全球规模化猪场最常见的疾病之一,给养猪业带来了巨大的损失。产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）是引起仔猪腹泻的主要病原菌,黏附素和肠毒素是其重要的致病因子,ETEC通过黏附素定植于小肠上皮细胞,在增殖过程中不断产生肠毒素,引起大量水和电解质进入肠腔,导致仔猪腹泻。目前,疫苗免疫是预防ETEC最有效的方法,然而许多商品化大肠杆菌疫苗的临床免疫效果不佳,且地域局限性明显。因此,研制安全、高效、广谱的ETEC疫苗对养猪业具有重要意义。近年来,许多新型试验性ETEC疫苗被相继报道,如ETEC菌毛黏附素和肠毒素疫苗;一些新开发的疫苗,如亚单位疫苗、菌影疫苗、植物载体疫苗和囊泡疫苗等,具有不同的优势,在不同的动物试验中均表现出良好的免疫保护效果。文章简述了国内外学者在ETEC疫苗领域的研究进展,对猪源ETEC各类疫苗的优劣及应用研究情况进行了综述,以期为今后猪源ETEC疫苗的研究提供参考。     

猪肠毒性大肠杆菌(ETEC)病抗病育种研究

猪肠毒性大肠杆菌 (ETEC)是仔猪黄痢、白痢等腹泻疾病的主要病原菌 ,发病率和死亡率分别占总发病率和死亡率的 5 6 .2 %和 2 4 .7%。按其特异菌毛产生的粘附素不同有 K88、K99、987P等多种类型 ,K88又可分为 ab、ac、ad血清型 ,现已知 ETEC K88能否致病 ,取决于宿主小肠粘膜上皮细胞刷状缘有无受体 ,并受制于 1对等位基因 ,有受体 (敏感型 )为显性 (S) ,无受体 (抗性型 )为隐性 (s)。该位点位于 1 3号染色体长臂 3.1区段 ,与转铁蛋白 (Tf)连锁 (相距7.4 c M) ,且 Tf基因频率与 K88抗性存在一定关系 ,抗性型与敏感型的小肠粘液理化性质也存在差异 ,据此 ,有可能采用生化及分子生物技术筛选抗性遗传标记 ,开展抗病育种。     

猪抗病育种研究进展

猪病给养猪生产造成的经济损失约占总产值的12％～15％,提高猪抗病能力和抗病育种已成为目前研究的热点。作者综述了干扰素基因、NRAMP1基因、肠毒素大肠杆菌、MHC基因等候选基因的研究进展，以期为抗病育种提供借鉴。