弓形虫,泰氏锥虫和伊氏锥虫超低温冷冻保存的试验研究

根据液氮(-196℃)超低温冷冻保存组织细胞的原理,本文选用Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ号保护剂分别对来自体外培养的弓形虫和泰氏锥虫、小鼠血液内的伊氏锥虫以及小鼠腹腔液内的弓形虫进行超低温冷冻保存试验。试验表明,在没有特殊逐步降温设备的情况下,直接冻存法比间接冻存法更方便,效果更为确实。截至报道之日止,弓形虫保存已达954天,泰氏锥虫达1189天,伊氏锥虫达1089天,虫体形态、活力、增殖力和致病性均无明显改变,为虫体的长期保存提供了一较为简便可靠的方法。     

4种方法去除血浆纤维蛋白原的效果比较

为筛选大规模制备品质优良、性状稳定的血清抗体产品最适方法,采用自然沉析、凝血酶、冻融、冷乙醇4种方法制备血清,比较4种方法制备的血清在剂量、品质、稳定性上的差异。结果表明,相同剂量的新鲜猪血浆经凝血酶法获得血清剂量最多,自然沉析法最少,冻融法及冷乙醇法介于其间;自然沉析法制备的血清品质最好,总蛋白丢失最少,其次是凝血酶法;统计分析表明,4种方法对制备的血清(猪瘟)抗体效价影响差异均不显著,P=0.620.05;凝血酶法适于大规模制备血清抗体液,长时间保存的最适温度为-20℃,短期保存最适温度为4℃;5℃~15℃的室温环境保存最长不超过14 d。     

两种方法保存嗜酸乳杆菌效果的比较研究

在相同的温度和时间条件下,比较滤纸片法和甘油生理盐水冻存法保存嗜酸乳杆菌的效果。用滤纸片法和甘油生理盐水冻存法,分别进行不同温度的嗜酸乳杆菌保存试验;并于预定时间内,对各处理组分别进行复苏及预定检测。在室温和4℃条件下,用滤纸片法保存的嗜酸乳杆菌出现了生化特性和形态的异常状况。随着保存时间的延长,滤纸片保存法比甘油生理盐水冻存法的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量明显减少。两种方法保存的菌种,均表现为-80℃组的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量明显大于-20℃组。说明在-80℃温度条件下,甘油生理盐水冻存法比滤纸片法具有较大的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量。     

狼山鸡小群保种方法的后续效应观测

以保种群狼山鸡为素材，分析8，9，10，11四个世代的近交系数：母鸡分别为0.0301,0.0298,0.0295,0.0289，公鸡分别为0.0242,0.0239,0.0230,0.0255。世代增量：母鸡为-0.00039，公鸡为-0.0006。四个世代母鸡的生产性能相对稳定。结果表明：“家系等量随机选配法”保种方法保存狼山鸡，后续保种效应稳定。     

3种血清分离法及血清存放时间对感染检测结果的影响

[目的]以检测马弓形虫感染为例,观察4℃冰箱过夜、37℃水浴锅法及室温放置3种血清分离法及血清存放时间对检测结果的影响。[方法]自然凝固后的马血液,分别在4℃、室温、37℃下析出血清,用间接血凝试验(IHA)检测血清中的弓形虫抗体;对检测出的阳性血清标本分别放置在4℃、室温下,15 d内每天检测其抗体效价。[结果]3种方法分离出的血清,在血清量、血清颜色、血清清亮度方面差异不明显,IHA检测结果一致;4℃、室温2种温度下放置的阳性血清标本,15 d内血清的清亮度无改变,抗体效价无改变。[结论]4℃冰箱过夜、37℃水浴锅法及室温放置3种方法分离出的血清,均可用于马弓形虫感染的检测;4℃、室温下存放15 d内的血清仍可用于检测。     

黔南州猪弓形虫病血清学调查

正随着人们吃半生肉、烧烤成为一种潮流,弓形虫感染人类的风险也增加,给人类的健康带来很大的威胁,弓形虫病对养猪业的危害及人的健康值得引起人们的重视。因此,对我州猪开展弓形虫病调查有着重要意义。1材料与方法随机在都匀市、独山县等12县(市)65个规模猪场(户)采集3月龄以上的猪血清925份。对所有血液进行血清分离,血清均保存在-20℃冰箱中     

影响口蹄疫贴壁种毒质量因素的研究

本文主要探讨影响种毒制备的一些因素,包括细胞状态、接毒量的改变及毒液保存条件对种毒质量的影响,研究得出如下结论:第一,细胞状态影响收毒时间的变化,同时一定程度上也影响LD50毒价的变化;第二,接毒含量增高收获时间缩短,而低剂量、正常剂量接毒传代试验均能获得合格的种毒支系,适宜的改变接毒量有助于提高种毒质量;第三,不论是4℃保存和还是-20℃冷冻保存,随着保存时间的延长,毒价匀有不同程度的损失,而且4℃保存的毒液下降率明显低于-20℃保存方式。因此,上述因素在生产中要细化研究对提高种毒质量起到指导意义。     

犬弓形虫抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

试验以利用重组弓形虫SAG1基因转染蜥蜴利什曼原虫所表达获得的目的蛋白作为包被抗原,建立了一种快速、特异、可检测犬弓形虫抗体的间接ELISA方法。确定了抗原最佳包被浓度为6.75 μg/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1∶100,对已知阳性血清检测的下限可达1∶6400,批间和批内重复性试验的变异系数均小于10%,包被抗原的酶标板在4、-20 ℃环境中可保存8个月以上。建立的间接ELISA方法应用于犬弓形虫抗体的检测具有较好的敏感性及特异性。     

反复冻融次数和不同保存温度对病毒滴度的影响

为探讨在有宿主细胞的情况下,反复冻融和不同保存温度对病毒滴度的影响,将收集的含ST细胞培养的猪细小病毒和含Vero细胞培养的伪狂犬病病毒经过不同次数的反复冻融,测定其病毒滴度。将收集的猪细小病毒液和伪狂犬病病毒液分别在4、22、-20、-80℃保存,间隔一段时间后测定半数组织细胞感染剂量(TCID_(50)),以了解病毒滴度。结果显示,含ST细胞的猪细小病毒和含Vero细胞的伪狂犬病病毒经过反复冻融3次之后,病毒滴度比未经冻融的病毒滴度分别提高了1.81lg和1.86lg。同一温度下,随着放置时间的增加,病毒滴度均呈下降的趋势。在一定时间内,不同保存温度下病毒滴度有明显区别,但在-20℃和-80℃条件下保存的病毒滴度下降比4℃和22℃条件下保存的慢。因此,在培养病毒的时候可以用反复冻融3次的方法来提高病毒的滴度。4℃和22℃只能作为病毒的短期储存温度,-20℃和-80℃对于病毒来说是合适的保存温度。     

四种抗氧化剂对猪精液冷冻保存影响研究进展

猪作为重要的畜牧产品正受到越来越多的关注。为了保证生产效率和生产质量，现在多采用人工授精进行大规模生产养殖。目前保存方法多采用常温下17℃保存、4℃的低温保存、超低温-79℃（干冰）或-196℃（液氮）三种保存方法。随着人工授精技术在养猪业的普及，对猪精液保存技术的研究正在逐步深入。猪精液可以在常温下短时间保存，并且精子活力和质量也受许多因素影响。与冷冻精液相比，常温保存的精液受孕率高、投资少、人工操作方便，可产生较大的经济效益。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.