ELISA法测定牛奶和鸡肌肉中四环素类药物残留

以本实验室研制的四环素类药物多残留检测试剂盒为基础，建立了牛奶和鸡肉中四环素、土霉素、金霉素药和多西环素的ELISA检测方法。该方法对牛奶和鸡肉中四环素的检测限为7μg／L（μg／kg）左右。在牛奶和鸡肉中，4种四环素类药物100μg／L（μg／kg）浓度的添加回收率范围为43．6％～101．4％，批内变异系数小于25％，批间变异系数在30％以内。牛奶的临界值为39．5μg／L，鸡肉的临界值为35.3μg／kg。     

12月国内主要畜产品与饲料价格分析

18个抽样城市畜产品平均批发价格，羊肉最高（表1），其次是牛肉和猪肉，鸡肉最低。鸡肉地区差价最大，中部地区分别高于东、西部地区31．1％和7．9％；其次，羊肉批发价，东、西部分别高于中部6．5％和13．6％。牛奶价格东部分别高于中、西部8．29／6和27．9％。与11月相比，牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋和牛奶平均价格基本持平，猪肉上涨13．9％。与2007年同期相比，牛肉和羊肉价格分别上涨15．3％和5．9％，猪肉下降9．59／5，鸡蛋下降5．39／6，而鸡肉批发价基本持平。     

11月国内主要畜产品与饲料价格分析

12个抽样城市畜产品平均批发价格,牛肉最高（表1）,其次是羊肉和猪肉,鸡肉最低。猪肉地区差价最大,中部分别高于东、西部23．7％和24．3％;其次,羊肉批发价,东部和西部分别高于中部21．1％和20．4％。牛奶价东部分别高于中、西部6．7％和30．4％。与10月相比,牛肉、猪肉、羊肉、鸡肉和牛奶平均价格基本持平,鸡蛋下降14．3％。与2007年同期相比,牛肉、鸡肉和羊肉价格分别高21．O%、14．2％和8．6％,猪肉下降11．5％,鸡蛋低4．0％。     

5月国内主要畜产品与饲料价格分析

21个抽样城市畜产品肉类平均批发价格,羊肉最高（表1）,其次是牛肉和猪肉,鸡肉最低。猪肉地区差价最大,中部分别高于东、西部19．5％、12．0％;其次。鸡肉批发价西部分别高于东、中部14．8％、4．1％。与4月相比,牛肉、鸡肉和牛奶价格基本持平;而猪肉价格下降9．8％;羊肉和鸡蛋价格分别上涨4．2%和5．0％。与2008年同期相比,牛肉、羊肉和鸡蛋价格基本持平;     

猪肉和牛奶中10种磺胺类药物残留检测超高效液相色谱法研究

建立了猪肉和牛奶中磺胺嘧啶（SD）、磺胺噻唑（ST）、磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）、磺胺甲氧嗪（SMP）、磺胺氯哒嗪（SPD）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、磺胺甲基异嗯唑（SM2）、磺胺氯吡嗪（Esb3）、磺胺地索辛（SDM）和磺胺喹嗯啉（SQ）共10种磺胺类药物残留检测的超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法。色谱条件：色谱柱为Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱（2．1mm×50mm,1．7μm）;流动相为50％甲醇乙腈溶液-2％乙酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;紫外检测波长270nm;柱温30℃;进样量4μL;外标法定量。结果表明：10种组分在20～1000ng／mL浓度范围内,呈良好线性关系,相关系数R^2均大于0．998;方法检出限为20ng／g,定量限为50ng／g;在猪肉和牛奶中添加浓度分别为50、100、200ng／g时,平均回收率为75．1％～99．8％,批内、批间平均RSD均小于13．2％。     

3月国内主要畜产品与饲料价格分析

18个抽样城市畜产品肉类平均批发价格，羊肉最高（表1），其次是牛肉和猪肉，鸡肉最低。牛肉地区差价最大，中部分别高于东、西部11．6％和9．99%；其次，猪肉批发价，中部分别高于东、西部19．7％、8．09%。与2月相比，牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉和鸡蛋平均批发价基本持平，而猪肉价格下降6．7％，牛奶价格上涨3．8％。与2008年同期相比，牛肉、鸡蛋价格基本持平；而猪肉、羊肉、和鸡肉价格则分别下降26．29%、2．8％和8．5％。     

ELISA测定乳中磺胺甲基嘧啶残留

以牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）为载体,合成２种不同的物质的量的比值（约１∶１３和１∶４２）的磺胺甲基嘧啶抗原,并比较了两者的免疫原性;以卵白蛋白（ＯＡ）为载体,合成１种包被抗原;用辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗兔ＩｇＧ,工作浓度１∶１０００;建立的乳中磺胺甲基嘧啶残留ＥＬＩＳＡ测定法,抗原亲和常数分别为１．２８×１０７（１∶４２）和３．２１×１０７（１∶１３）,磺胺甲基嘧啶检测质量浓度为５～２２０μｇ／Ｌ（１．８７×１０－８～８．２×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,检测限为２．４μｇ／Ｌ,回收率为８８％～１１８％,与磺胺二甲基嘧啶和磺胺噻唑交叉率分别为６．０％和０．８４％,与磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺脒无交叉反应     

酶联免疫法检测饲料中呋喃唑酮含量的探讨

呋喃唑酮酶联免疫反应测试盒是利用竞争性酶联反应原理,广泛应用于水产、养殖及动物肉制品（如鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉组织）、尿样、血清、鸡蛋和蜂蜜中呋喃唑酮（AOZ）残留的定量检测。经试验证明,该试剂盒具有快速提取被测样品中违禁药物呋喃唑酮,提取时间仅需4h;高灵敏度能够检测到标准曲线中0．05ng／mL浓度的呋喃唑酮;低检测下限,能够检测到被检测饲料样品中0．1μg／kg含量的呋喃唑酮,而这个含量要低于欧盟标准要求的1μg／kg;检测过程时间短,只需要2h左右;高重复性,离散系数（CV值）≤3．5;标准曲线r≥0．9965;能够达到80％～95％以上的回收率等特点。     

氯霉素残留检测阻断ELISA试剂盒的研制及性能测定

在建立氯霉素单克隆抗体（CAP mAb）杂交瘤细胞株和阻断ELISA方法的基础上．研制出CAP残留快速检测试剂盒（CAP-kit），并对其性能进行了测定。结果表明，CAP-kit的标准曲线呈典型的S型，符合4参数logit曲线拟合，相关系数R^2=0．9953，检测范围为1．0μg/L～128．0μg/L，灵敏度为0．85μg／L，半数抑制浓度（IC50）为7．54μg/L，检测限为1．0μg/L；牛奶样、猪肉样的平均添加回收率为88．3％、82．5％，平均批内和批间变异系数均〈15％；CAP-kit与氯霉素琥珀酸钠的交叉反应（CR％）为150％，与其它酰胺醇类和抗菌素药物无交叉反应；试剂盒在4℃可保存6个月。     

酶联免疫吸附法检测磺胺对甲氧嘧啶残留

用戊二醛法将磺胺对甲氧嘧啶 (SMD)与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)偶联制备合成抗原 SMD- BSA用作免疫原 ,同法合成包被抗原 SMD- OVA(卵清蛋白 ) ,免疫家兔获得抗血清 ,用双向琼脂扩散试验和 EL ISA法对抗血清进行了定性定量测定。结果表明 ,抗血清特异性地针对 SMD,其效价为 1∶ 2 5 6 0。用所制备的抗血清建立了间接竞争EL ISA法。优选的 EL ISA的工作条件 :包被抗原最佳包被质量浓度为 5 0 mg/ L ,抗血清最佳稀释度为 1∶ 10 0 ,酶标抗体的最适工作稀释度为 1∶ 5 0 0。标准工作曲线表明 ,抗血清检测在 10～ 2 0 0 0 μg/ L 范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,超过2 0 0 0μg/ L则线性关系较差 ;该法检测底限为 6 3μg/ L ,低于国际规定残留限量 (10 0μg/ kg)和国内规定残留限量 (30 0μg/ kg)的要求。按建立的 EL ISA法测定了方法的回收率 ,无基础本底的牛奶样品回收率为 94 .7%。按药典剂量给鸡肌肉注射 SMD,连续注射 3d,在第 0～ 7天分别采血 ,按建立的 EL ISA方法测定了血清中的 SMD残留含量     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.