银杏叶提取物抑制鸡新城疫病毒增殖试验

进行了银杏叶提取物对1O日龄鸡胚人工感染新城疫病毒(NDV)的抑制试验.抑制NDV增殖试验结果表明,NDV强毒组在48h的鸡胚保护率为20%,0.500 g/mL银杏叶提取物+NDV组鸡胚保护率为50%,两者差异显著(P<0.05);0.250 g/mL+NDV组、0.125 g/mE+NDV组的鸡胚保护率分别为70%、80%,与强毒组相比,差异显著(P相似文献   

中药牛皮消多糖体外抗新城疫病毒作用的研究

为探讨牛皮消多糖(CAP)对体外抗新城疫病毒(NDV)能力的影响,本试验用水提醇沉法提取牛皮消多糖,通过苯酚硫酸法和红外光谱对牛皮消多糖进行检测,采用MTT法测定牛皮消多糖对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)的安全浓度,多糖的安全浓度统一为625μg/mL,选择安全浓度范围内的(39.06～625μg/mL)5种浓度的各级多糖,用3种加药方式(先加多糖后接种病毒、先接种病毒后加多糖、多糖和病毒感作后加药)检测牛皮消多糖对NDV的阻断、抑制及直接杀灭作用。结果显示,先接病毒后加多糖组和多糖与病毒感作后加药组CAP_(50)、CAP_(30)、CAP_t、CAP_(80)和CAP_(70)均能显著抑制NDV感染CEF的能力,两组各级多糖抑制率分别为131.23%、110.12%、108.15%、100.24%、93.07%和61.76%、43.73%、44.51%、29.02%、37.45%;先加多糖后接病毒组CAP_(50)、CAP_(30)能显著抑制NDV感染CEF的作用(P0.05),阻断作用下对NDV的抑制率可达到15.82%、8.33%,其余各组在安全浓度范围内对NDV无抑制作用。各组中药牛皮消多糖均有较好的抗NDV活性,其中对NDV的抑制作用和直接杀灭作用强于对其阻断作用。CAP_(50)及CAP_(30)的抗NDV活性较强,可作为进一步研究材料并具备一定的研究价值。     

藏药"十三味红花丸"对NDV的抑制试验研究

本试验选用10日龄SPF鸡胚,对藏药“十三味红花丸”进行了人工感染NDV的抑制试验研究,试验结果显示,藏药药液（1g/mL)用2倍、4倍和6倍稀释,对鸡胚感染NDV的保护率分别达100％、90％和80％,比NDV强毒对照组分别提高80、70和60个百分点,NDV强毒接种鸡胚囊液NDV血凝效价明显高于NDV强毒＋藏药药液鸡胚尿囊液NDV血凝效价。试验结果表明,藏药“十三味红花丸”对NDV具有很强的抑制作用。     

藏药“十三味红花丸”对鸡新城疫病毒鸡胚复制抑制试验

选用 10日龄SPF鸡胚 ,对藏药“十三味红花丸”进行了人工感染鸡新城疫病毒 (NDV)的抑制试验。结果显示 :藏药药液 ( 1g/mL)用 2倍、 4倍和 6倍稀释 ,对鸡胚感染NDV的保护率分别达 10 0 %、 90 %和 80 % ,比NDV强毒对照组分别提高 80、 70和 6 0个百分点。NDV强毒接种组的鸡胚尿囊液NDV血凝效价明显高于NDV强毒 +藏药药液组的鸡胚尿囊液NDV血凝效价     

荷叶总碱体外抗新城疫病毒活性研究

采用纯化的荷叶总碱进行体外抗新城疫病毒(NDV)活性研究,测定了其对鸡胚成纤维细胞的最大无毒浓度(TD0)、半数中毒浓度(TD50)、抑制50%细胞病变的药物浓度(IC50)和治疗指数(TI)。结果表明:荷叶总碱具有明显的抗NDV作用,其TD0、TD50、IC50和TI分别为6.25mg/mL、13.86mg/mL、1.53mg/mL和9。     

病毒样颗粒疫苗可能用于控制鸡新城疫

正韩国建国大学的科研人员应用昆虫细胞表达系统研制出表达新城疫病毒(NDV)F蛋白和流感病毒M1蛋白的NDV病毒样颗粒(VLP)。SPF鸡分别免疫含不同剂量VLP(0.8、4、20、100μg/mL)的NDV VLP油乳剂疫苗。免疫3周后,应用商品化ELISA试剂盒检测NDV VLP疫苗的免疫力;同时用NDV强毒株进行攻毒试验以评估NDV VLP疫苗对SPF鸡的保护效果。结果显示,NDV VLP疫苗免疫后可产生大量抗NDV的抗体,且SPF鸡对NDV强毒株的抵抗力与NDV VLP疫苗免疫剂量相关。尽管含0.8、4μg/mL VLP的NDV VLP疫苗不能     

葫芦多糖体外抗鸡新城疫病毒作用的研究

为研究葫芦多糖抗新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV） 活性,本试验采用水提醇沉法提取葫芦总多糖及4种分级多糖,通过苯酚-硫酸法及红外光谱对葫芦多糖进行检测,MTT法测定各级多糖对鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）的安全浓度,多糖的安全浓度统一定为78.125 μg/mL,以3种加药方式（先加多糖后接种病毒、先接种病毒后加多糖、多糖和病毒感作后加药）,检测葫芦多糖对NDV的阻断、抑制及直接杀灭作用。结果表明,葫芦总多糖及4种分级多糖均具有抗NDV活性,其中对NDV的抑制作用及直接杀灭作用强于对NDV的阻断作用。70%、80%梯度醇沉的葫芦多糖（LSP₇₀、LSP₈₀）及总多糖（LSP_t）,抑制作用下的病毒抑制率分别为40.41%、44.54%、61.85%,杀灭作用下的病毒抑制率分别为44.74%、58.76%和59.38%,阻断作用下对NDV的抑制率,其中LSP₈₀组最高达37.14%,其余各组均低于25%。综上可知,70%、80%梯度醇沉的葫芦多糖及葫芦总多糖的抗NDV活性较好,可作为进一步研究的材料。     

氨苄青霉素-硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉对鸡毒支原体病的治疗试验

利用氨苄青霉素—硫氰酸红霉素可溶性粉剂进行了鸡毒支原体体外抑菌试验和体内治疗试验：体外抑菌试验结果表明：当培养基中药物浓度达到0．0125μg/mL时，便能有效地抑制试管中鸡毒支原体的生长繁殖：体内治疗试验结果表明：当饮水中药物浓度达到20μg/mL时，便能有效地降低感染鸡的死亡率，对提高感染鸡的增重有一定的作用，但在降低气囊损伤方面作用不明显，所有感染鸡体内抗体检测均为阳性：除在提高感染雏鸡成活率方面稍优于强力米先外，其他方面二者作用基本相当。     

中药牛皮消多糖体外抗新城疫病毒作用的研究

为探讨牛皮消多糖（CAP）对体外抗新城疫病毒（NDV）能力的影响，本试验用水提醇沉法提取牛皮消多糖，通过苯酚硫酸法和红外光谱对牛皮消多糖进行检测，采用MTT法测定牛皮消多糖对鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）的安全浓度，多糖的安全浓度统一为625 μg/mL，选择安全浓度范围内的（39.06~625 μg/mL）5种浓度的各级多糖，用3种加药方式（先加多糖后接种病毒、先接种病毒后加多糖、多糖和病毒感作后加药）检测牛皮消多糖对NDV的阻断、抑制及直接杀灭作用。结果显示，先接病毒后加多糖组和多糖与病毒感作后加药组CAP₅₀、CAP₃₀、CAP_t、CAP₈₀和CAP₇₀均能显著抑制NDV感染CEF的能力，两组各级多糖抑制率分别为131.23%、110.12%、108.15%、100.24%、93.07%和61.76%、43.73%、44.51%、29.02%、37.45%；先加多糖后接病毒组CAP₅₀、CAP₃₀能显著抑制NDV感染CEF的作用（P<0.05），阻断作用下对NDV的抑制率可达到15.82%、8.33%，其余各组在安全浓度范围内对NDV无抑制作用。各组中药牛皮消多糖均有较好的抗NDV活性，其中对NDV的抑制作用和直接杀灭作用强于对其阻断作用。CAP₅₀及CAP₃₀的抗NDV活性较强，可作为进一步研究材料并具备一定的研究价值。     

复方中药禽康散对接种新城疫病毒鸡胚的保护效应

为了研究复方中药禽康散提取液对鸡新城疫病毒活性的影响,试验采用鸡胚法以不同浓度中药提取液与新城疫F48E9毒株悬液混合后各接种8枚鸡胚,观察各组鸡胚的存活情况。结果表明:中药浓度为1.0 g/mL、0.5 g/mL、0.25 g/mL时活胚率分别是87.5%、75.0%、50.0%,而不加中药组鸡胚96 h后全部死亡。说明复方中药禽康散具有抗新城疫F48E9毒株的作用,且随着中药浓度的增加抗病毒作用增强,呈现一定的量效关系。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.