环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)在鸡蛋中残留的研究

应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了鸡蛋中环丙沙星的残留。鸡蛋经乙腈溶液提取,提取液真空干燥后用流动相溶解。以0.015mol/L四丁基溴化铵/乙腈(94/6,V/V)作流动相,用SymmetryC18柱(5μm,3.9mm×150mm),在激发波长280nm、发射波长455nm处,用荧光检测器检测。将环丙沙星以0.05、0.50、1.00mg/kg分别添加到空白鸡蛋样品中,测得鸡蛋样品中环丙沙星的回收率分别为(82.2±6.8)%、(84.5±5.9)%、(87.9±4.7)%,相对标准差均低于8.3%。用该方法测定鸡蛋中环丙沙星的最低检测限为0.01mg/kg。各试验组产蛋鸡给药剂量分别按10.0、20.0mg/kg(体质量)内服环丙沙星水溶液,每天给药1次,连续5d。停药后鸡蛋中环丙沙星残留消除缓慢;休药8~9d时,鸡蛋中环丙沙星残留量低于0.03mg/kg;休药9~10d时,鸡蛋中环丙沙星残留量均低于最低检测限(0.01mg/kg);且随着环丙沙星给药剂量的增大,环丙沙星在鸡蛋中的残留量也相应增大。     

脱氢醋酸钠在猪组织中的残留研究

旨在研究脱氢醋酸钠作为饲料防霉剂应用后在猪组织中的残留消除。选用33只健康杜长大三元杂交猪,200 mg/kg脱氢醋酸钠拌料饲喂1个月。分别于停药1～21 d的不同时间取肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪组织, HPLC法测定脱氢醋酸钠含量。结果表明,脱氢醋酸钠在猪肾脏和肝脏组织中的残留水平较高,肌肉次之,脂肪中最少。休药1 d时,猪肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和脂肪中的平均残留量分别为1.12 mg/kg、1.06 mg/kg、0.59 mg/kg和0.21 mg/kg;脱氢乙酸钠在组织中的含量低于定量限0.2 mg/kg水平所需要的休药时间分别为:肌肉6 d、肝脏11 d、肾脏13 d、脂肪1 d后。脱氢乙酸钠在猪不同组织中的残留消除半衰期分别为:肌肉6.7 d、肝脏7.2 d、肾脏9.1 d、脂肪5.4 d。上述结果显示,脱氢乙酸钠在猪组织中的残留消除相对较快,组织残留量均低于1.2 mg/kg。     

恩诺沙星混悬液的研制及其在鸡组织中的残留研究

以恩诺沙星为主药,采用正交试验筛选配方,研制恩诺沙星混悬液,并对该制剂的药剂学特征及其在鸡组织中的残留进行研究。药剂学研究表明,混悬液的性状、pH及药物含量均符合混悬剂质量要求,且稳定性良好、易于再分散。健康鸡在饮水中添加75 mg/L(以恩诺沙星计)混悬液,自由饮水,连续用药5 d后休药;休药第5天,肌肉、肝脏及"皮肤+脂肪"组织中药物总残留量(恩诺沙星+环丙沙星)分别为11.12±10.53、79.29±28.86、50.08μg/kg±22.09μg/kg,而肾脏组织未检出;休药第8天,肌肉、肾脏、肝脏组织中均未检出恩诺沙星及环丙沙星,"皮肤+脂肪"的总残留量为13.84μg/kg±10.82μg/kg。采用WT1.4软件处理数据,计算出该混悬液在鸡体内的休药期为6 d。     

高效液相色谱法检测多种动物组织中氟喹诺酮类药物残留量的研究

建立了猪、牛、羊、鸡、兔的肌肉、脂肪、肝脏和肾脏四种组织中环丙沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星和二氟沙星残留量检测的高效液相色谱法。试样经磷酸盐溶液提取,C18固相萃取柱浓缩净化后,用高效液相色谱分析,荧光检测器检测,外标法定量。5种药物在0.1～100μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好。环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星和二氟沙星在五种动物肌肉、脂肪组织中的定量限为5μg/kg,在肝脏、肾脏组织中的定量限为10μg/kg;达氟沙星在肌肉、脂肪组织中的定量限为1μg/kg,在肝脏、肾脏组织中的定量限为2μg/kg。在指定的三个浓度添加水平下,5种药物在各组织中的平均回收率为62%～103%;批内变异系数为0.30%～18%,批间变异系数为1.0%～17%。该方法操作简单,准确度和精密度好,动物品种及动物组织覆盖范围广,可以很好地满足实际检测工作的需要。     

盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂在猪组织中残留消除规律研究

建立了猪肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和脂肪中盐酸沃尼妙林的高效液相色谱检测方法并研究盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂在猪体内各组织中的残留消除规律。对24头健康猪以200mg/kg的剂量混饲给药21d。在停药后0、6、12、18、24、36h分别宰杀4头猪,采集各组织进行药物残留测定。方法的检测限为0.025～0.062 5μg/g,定量限为0.05～0.1μg/g,肝脏的平均回收率为75.5%～76.4%,变异系数为2.3%～3.8%;肾脏的平均回收率为75.8%～78.5%,变异系数为4.1%～6.0%;肌肉的平均回收率为79.3%～80.0%,变异系数为3.0%～4.7%;脂肪的平均回收率为76.7%～77.3%,变异系数为3.3%～5.4%。结果表明,盐酸沃尼妙林在肝脏中残留量最高,肾脏其次;肌肉和脂肪中的残留量显著低于肝脏和肾脏,停药24h时,残留量低于定量限;停药36h时残留量均低至检测限以下。盐酸沃尼妙林预混剂在猪组织中消除迅速,建议休药期为2d。     

猪肾脏等组织中盐酸莱克多巴胺的HPLC检测方法及其残留消除

本研究建立了猪肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和脂肪中盐酸莱克多巴胺的高效液相色谱检测方法。方法的检测限为1ng/g,定量限为2 ng/g,肝脏的平均回收率在73.4%～83.2%,变异系数在2.1%～6.6%;肾脏的平均回收率在73.1%～95.5%,变异系数在3.8%～4.0%;肌肉的平均回收率在80.7%～82.5%,变异系数在4.9%～9.1%;脂肪的平均回收率在73.3%～78.8%,变异系数在2.9%～6.7%。对60头健康猪以18 mg/kg的剂量混饲给药28d,停药饲喂14 d。在给药7、142、8 d和停药1、2、3、7、9、14 d分别屠宰6头猪,取各组织进行残留量测定。结果显示：肾脏中残留量最高,肝脏其次,残留量在停药期间较给药期间显著降低。其中肾脏和肝脏中的残留量分别在停药14 d、停药9 d后降至定量限以下;肌肉和脂肪中的残留量显著低于肾脏和肝脏,给药28 d时,残留基本低于定量限;停药1 d时均低至检测限以下。     

阿莫西林在鸡组织中的残留消除规律

本试验旨在研究阿莫西林在鸡组织中残留消除规律。鸡组织样品经磷酸二氢钠溶液提取,乙腈去蛋白,正己烷去脂肪,饱和二氯甲烷萃取,上清液经水杨醛在酸性条件下沸水浴衍生化后,在激发波长358nm、发射波长440nm处用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测。该方法测定鸡组织中阿莫西林的检测限为5μg/kg、定量限为13μg/kg。阿莫西林在鸡组织样品中平均回收率为73.64%~88.82%,相对标准差为6.21%~9.63%。各试验组京海黄鸡分别按体质量以30、60mg/kg剂量内服阿莫西林,每天1次,连续给药7d,休药4h后(零休药期)各组织中阿莫西林残留量最高,休药第3天各组织中阿莫西林残留量均迅速降低;休药后第5天阿莫西林残留量低于最高残留限量(50μg/kg);休药第9天所有组织中阿莫西林残留量均低于检测限;休药后相同时间点鸡肌肉中药物残留量最低,肝脏中的药物残留量最高;阿莫西林在鸡肾脏中残留比鸡肌肉、肝脏消除缓慢且消除时间长;阿莫西林在鸡组织中的残留量与给药剂量呈正相关。根据WT1.4软件计算所得,建议黄羽肉鸡按体质量以30、60mg/kg剂量给药,每天1次,连续7d后,其休药期(WT)分别为3、4d。     

脱氢乙酸钠在肉鸡组织中的残留消除

研究脱氢乙酸钠作为饲料防霉剂在鸡组织中的残留消除,为其在鸡组织中的残留监控及休药期的制定提供理论依据。黄羽肉鸡连续饲喂200 mg/kg脱氢乙酸钠30 d后,于不同时间分别取肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮脂样品,采用反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法测定样品中脱氢乙酸钠含量。休药1 d时,鸡肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和皮脂中脱氢乙酸钠残留量分别为0.68、0.59、0.34和0.20 mg/kg。随着休药时间延长,各组织中脱氢乙酯钠的残留量逐渐降低,脱氢乙酸钠在肉鸡各组织中的残留水平依次为肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和皮脂。在组织中的残留消除半衰期分别为肾脏5.86 d、肝脏6.02 d、肌肉8.88 d及皮脂为10.38 d。若以0.2 mg/kg为临时最大残留限量(MRLs),则脱氢乙酸钠在鸡不同组织中的休药期分别为肾脏12.37d、肌肉9.37 d、肝脏9.18 d、皮脂4.16 d。得出结论:200 mg/kg脱氢乙酸钠拌料饲喂肉鸡30 d,在肉鸡各组织中的残留水平较低,均低于0.7 mg/kg;残留消除相对较快。     

氟佐隆在牛组织中残留消除规律的研究

为研究氟佐隆在牛组织中的残留消除规律,1.5 mg/kg体重氟佐隆皮下注射干奶期荷斯坦奶牛,分别于用药后2周、6周、8周、10周、12周和16周用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测牛肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和不同部位脂肪中氟佐隆的残留量。HPLC方法的检测限(LOD)为0.02 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.08 mg/kg。结果表明,氟佐隆残留消除速度较慢,在脂肪组织中的残留量远高于其他组织。氟佐隆在组织中的残留量:脂肪>肝脏>肾脏>肌肉。肌肉中残留量在用药后8周达到峰值,12周后低于检测限;肝脏和肾脏中残留水平在用药后10周达到峰值,16周后接近或低于检测限;脂肪组织中10周后达到峰值,16周后仍高于检测限。皮下、腹部和肾脏脂肪中的残留量没有明显差异(P>0.05)。1.5 mg/kg体重皮下给药后氟佐隆在牛组织中的残留量均不超过JECFA规定的残留限量。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测鸡蛋和鸡组织中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星残留的研究

为建立一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测鸡蛋和鸡组织(肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪)中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星的残留,鸡蛋和鸡组织(肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪)经酸化乙腈提取,正己烷除脂净化,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,同位素内标法定量。结果显示:恩诺沙星、环丙沙星均在线性范围内呈现良好线性关系,相关系数(R2)均大于0.99;恩诺沙星、环丙沙星在组织中的检测限为1μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg;两种药物的平均回收率范围为75.5%～106%,批内、批间变异系数均小于11.2%。研究表明,该方法样品前处理简单,灵敏度高,适用同时检测鸡组织(肝脏、肾脏、肌肉、脂肪)和鸡蛋中恩诺沙星、环丙沙星残留。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.