强力恩诺沙星可溶性粉中有效成分含量的检测

采用双波长等吸收分光光度法同时测定强力恩诺沙星可溶性粉中恩诺沙星和硫酸小檗碱的含量。线性范围恩诺沙星2～10(μg／m1)，γ=0．99999；硫酸小檗碱8～16(μg／m1)，γ=0．9995；平均回收率为：恩诺沙星99．4％(n=5)，RSD为0．21%；硫酸小檗碱99．5％(n=5)，RSD为0．26％。     

黄连口服液质量标准研究

目的:建立黄连口服液的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱对口服液中黄连进行薄层鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定口服液中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果:薄层鉴别方法专属性强,盐酸小檗碱含量在0.326 0-1.630 0μg/m L范围内具有良好的线性关系,标准曲线回归方程为:Y=4.38×106X-4.75×104(R2=0.999 9,n=5);样品在12 h内稳定,RSD为0.36%;加样平均回收率为100.106%,RSD为0.826%;该方法精密度高,RSD为0.11%。结论:本质量标准可有效地控制黄连口服液的质量。     

仔泻康口服液的质量标准研究

为了研究仔泻康口服液质量标准,以便控制产品质量,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对制剂中黄芪、黄芩、黄连、白头翁进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对制剂中黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。结果 TLC鉴别分离度好,简单、灵敏、专属性强。黄芩苷线性范围在0.12～0.75μg(R2=0.9975),平均回收率为97%,RSD=1. 46%(n=6);盐酸小檗碱线性范围在0. 125～0. 75μg(R2=0.9929),平均回收率为93.33%,RSD为2.21%(n=6)。对黄芪、黄芩、黄连的定性鉴别及黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱的含量测定,方法简单、准确、可靠,所建的标准可用于仔泻康口服液的质量控制。     

防己散质量控制方法研究

对《中国兽药典》2005年版防己散的质量标准进行修订,采用薄层色谱法对制剂中防己药材进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对粉防己碱和防己诺林碱进行了含量测定。建立了同时测定防己散中2种成分含量的方法,粉防己碱和防己诺林碱的线性范围分别为52．55～525．5μg／ml（r=0．9995）和27．30～273．0μg／ml（r=0．9996）;平均回收率（n=9）分别为98．1％（RSD=1．9％）和97．9％（RSD=2．2％）。该方法简便、准确、重复性好,为防己散的质量控制提供了定量方法。     

中药粉剂中盐酸小檗碱的定量研究

采用薄层扫描法制定了中药粉剂中盐酸小菜碱的含量。结果，盐碱小檗碱在1—6μg间呈良好的线性关系，r=0．9975，平均回收率为97．95％，RSD为2.36％(n＝5)。结果表明，所建立的方法能可靠准确地进行定量检测，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

奶牛血液中蓖麻碱含量的HPLC检测

建立了血液中蓖麻碱残留量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测法。用三氯甲烷提取蓖麻碱，除去蛋白质和脂肪后，用HPLC法对其进行测定。采用Hypersil ODSC C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，25μm），水-乙腈（9：1，V/V）为流动相，流速0．8mL／min，检测波长为220nm。结果显示，在0．26—5．2μg范围内，蓖麻碱峰面积与质量的线性关系良好，回归方程为y=1．57×10^4 x-4．93×10^5，r=0．999，RSD=3．82％。牛血中蓖麻碱平均回收率为72．1％，RSD为2．54％（n=5）。饲喂蓖麻粕的牛血液中蓖麻碱的含量为0．512μg／mL。     

高效液相色谱法测定博落回注射液中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量

利用高效液相色谱法测定博落回注射液中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的含量。采用Agilent1100型高效液相色谱仪,色谱柱为AgilentEcpliseXDB—C18（5μm,4．6mm×250mm）,流动相为三乙胺溶液-乙腈（75：25,V／V）,流速1．0mL／min;检测波长270nm;柱温35℃。结果表明：血根碱在0．5～100μg／mL范围内线性关系良好（R2=0．9999）,平均加样回收率（n=3）为96．1％～97．9％,RSD为0．8％～1．8％;白屈菜红碱在0．5～100μg／mL范围内线性关系良好（R2=1）,平均加样回收率（n=3）为96．8％-98．8％,RSD为0．6％～1．0％。本法简单快捷,精密度好,可为制定质控标准提供参考。     

HPLC测定白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立中兽药散剂白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法,为其质量标准的制订提供实验依据。采用HPLC法测定,色谱条件,Eclipse XDB—C18柱（5μm,4．6mm×150mm）;流速,1．0mL/min;流动相,乙腈：0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾=28：72;柱温,30℃;检测波长,348nm。盐酸小檗碱在进样量为0．05～0．50μg之间范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9999;样品中盐酸小檗碱的平均含量为0．781％,RSD为0．86％。该方法简便,易行,专属性强,可以作为白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸环丙沙星、盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量

以0．05mol／L硫酸作对照液，用紫外分光光度法在421nm测定了盐酸环丙沙星、盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果表明，盐酸小檗碱在8-56μg／mL范围内，吸光度与浓度呈良好的线性关系，相关系数为0．9992，平均回收率为101．32％，RSD为0．94％（n=5）。本方法简便、快速、结果准确，适用于该制剂中盐酸小檗碱的质量分析检验。     

RP-HPLC测定不同品种黄连中的黄连碱和表小檗碱

本文采用高校液相测定了不同品种黄连中黄连碱和表小檗碱的含量，固定相为：安捷伦Cl8(4.6mm×250mm，5um)，以乙腈-0.05%磷酸二氢钠-0.05%十二烷基硫酸钠-磷酸(30：35：35：0.01)为流动相，检测波长为345nm；表小檗碱在10~40μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系；黄连碱在100~400μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。表小檗碱和黄连碱的平均回收率分别为99.5%、99.6%，RSD为0.53%(n=6)、0.55%(n=6)；此方法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于黄连中表小檗碱和黄连碱的含量测定。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.