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1.
放牧强度对高寒灌丛草甸土壤CO_2释放速率的影响   总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18  
在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站,研究放牧强度对土壤CO2释放速率的影响及其与环境条件的关系。结果表明,CO2释放速率具有明显的日变化规律,日最大值在12∶00~14∶00h出现,最低值出现于凌晨6∶00~8∶00h。轻牧和重牧区日释放速率分别为7.774±5.577 g·m-2·d -1和6.977±4.947 g·m-2·d-1。CO2释放速率具有明显的季节变化,最大值均出现在7月,而冬季则最低。CO2释放速率的日变化主要受气温和地表温度的制约,与气温和地表温度呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。CO2释放速率的季节动态与气温和地温(0~30cm)呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。放牧使CO2释放速率降低。  相似文献   

2.
采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对黄河源区“黑土滩”退化草地CO2释放特征的研究结果表明:“黑土滩”3种不同处理:“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸(BC),土壤呼吸(BJ)和土壤微生物呼吸(BL)的CO2释放速率日变化具有相似性,均呈现出明显的单峰型特点,且白天大于夜间;CO2释放速率季节动态变化明显,且3者的变化趋势基本一致;“黑土滩”植被-土壤系统呼吸与地表温度及5cm地温呈极显著的正相关性(P〈0.01);而土壤微生物呼吸与0~10cm土壤水分含量相关显著(P〈0.05)。  相似文献   

3.
草毡寒冻雏形土有机质补给、分解及大气CO2通量交换   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
调查草毡寒冻雏形土生物量及土壤有机质,利用涡度相关技术观测该区域作用层与大气CO2通量.结果表明:地下90%生物量集中于0~10 cm的表土层,年总净初级生产量约935.0 g/m2;土壤有机质含量在6.401~7.060%之间;净CO2通量呈明显的日变化和季节变化规律;5月中旬到9月底为CO2的净吸收(780 g CO2/m2),其中以7月最高,净吸收量明显高于非生长季的,10月到翌年5月初CO2的净排放量(383 g CO2/m2);全年固定碳高达397 g/m2.  相似文献   

4.
川西北沙化草地植被群落、土壤有机碳及微生物特征   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
为探究川西北高寒沙化草地地表植被、土壤有机碳和微生物的特征,采用样地调查方法,研究了不同沙化程度草地地表植被状况及土壤有机碳、腐殖质碳、微生物数量和微生物量碳、氮的差异特征。结果表明,1)随沙化严重程度增加,植被群落盖度、植被地上和地下生物量急剧下降。与未沙化草地相比,轻度沙化、中度沙化、重度沙化和极重度沙化草地地上生物量分别降低了12.95%,40.60%,76.53%和91.78%,地下生物量分别降低了21.44%,44.00%,83.41%和94.65%。2)土壤有机碳、腐殖质碳组分均随着沙化程度的提高而呈下降的趋势,且0~20cm土层变化最为显著。不同沙化草地各土层之间也存在差异,但重度和极重度沙化草地各土层之间没有显著差异。3)随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量和微生物量碳、氮产生显著变化。土壤沙化加剧会导致土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮含量显著降低,破坏土壤微生物群落结构。  相似文献   

5.
为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。  相似文献   

6.
锡林河流域羊草群落春季CO2排放日变化特征分析   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
利用静态暗箱法对具有代表性的典型温带草原的羊草群落CO2排放进行了昼夜观测。结果表明,CO2排放通量日变化与气温和地表温度呈明显的正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.7475和0.7604,而与5cm和10cm地温相关性较小,说明在干旱半干旱草原地区气温和地表温度是影响羊草群落CO2排放的关键性因子。研究还发现,羊草群落排放的CO2的近80%来自土壤呼吸、根呼吸和凋落物分解,并且春季露水对羊草草原CO2排放通量日变化特征影响显著,特别是日出前后露水的大量形成,使上午7—8时出现一次CO2排放峰值,而后CO2排放通量变化趋于与气温一致。  相似文献   

7.
为了厘清封育过程中退化荒漠草地土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量学特征、土壤有机碳积累特征及其关系,对天山北坡新源县、博乐市、玛纳斯县、呼图壁县、奇台县封育4~7年的蒿类荒漠草地0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)含量及其化学计量比进行了分析,并用结构方程模型解析了SOC与土壤MBC、MBN、MBP及其化学计量比间的关系。结果表明:1)封育后0~50 cm土层蒿类荒漠草地SOC含量较对照显著降低15.52%(P<0.05),而土壤MBC、MBN、MBP、MBC/MBN、MBC/MBP、MBN/MBP总体变化不显著。2)SOC与MBC、MBN、MBP均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与MBC/MBN、MBC/MBP呈负相关,且封育后SOC与MBN/MBP间的关系由显著正相关转为负相关(P<0.01)。3)结构方程分析表明,土壤MBC、MBN、MBP及其计量比对SOC积累的直接解释率为46%,且MBN对土壤有机碳的作用效应最强(P<0.001),封育降低了土壤MBC、MBN对土壤有机碳积累的影响,增加了土壤MBP的...  相似文献   

8.
宁夏典型天然草地土壤有机碳及其活性组分变化特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探寻宁夏典型温性天然草地土壤有机碳及活性组分变异及储量特征,以宁夏4种典型的天然草地(温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性草原化荒漠和温性荒漠草原)为研究对象,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对宁夏全区49个固定监测点,土壤有机碳及其活性有机碳组分(易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳和水溶性有机碳)进行采样和室内分析。结果表明:1)宁夏草甸草原、温性草原、草原化荒漠和荒漠草原4种天然草地,0~40 cm土层深度土壤有机碳含量分别为34.23、12.84、5.76和3.82 g·kg-1;单位面积土壤有机碳储量分别为:13.43、5.75、2.58和2.29 kg·m-2,且均表现为:草甸草原>温性草原>草原化荒漠>荒漠草原。2)4种典型天然草地土样易氧化有机碳含量为0.75~7.43 g·kg-1,土壤微生物生物量碳含量为102.52~554.77 mg·kg-1,土壤水溶性有机碳含量为69.66~89.61 mg·kg-1,均表现为:草甸草原>温性草原>草原化荒漠>荒漠草原。4种草地类型土壤易氧化有机碳储量分别为2.56、1.44、0.62和0.48 kg·m-2;土壤微生物生物量碳储量分别为:218.31、170.50、81.99和68.26 g·m-2,均为草甸草原显著高于其他3种草地类型(P<0.05);水溶性有机碳储量分别为34.36、35.21、37.22和43.14 g·m-2,表现为荒漠草原显著大于其他3种草地类型(P<0.05)。3)4种典型天然草地易氧化有机碳分配比为18.42%~29.72%,温性草原最高;微生物生物量碳分配比为1.54%~3.83%,草甸草原最低;水溶性有机碳分配比为0.23%~2.01%,表现为:荒漠草原>草原化荒漠>温性草原>草甸草原,且均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。4)土壤有机碳储量与土壤易氧化有机碳储量、微生物生物量碳储量、全氮、全磷和全钾含量呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关关系;与土壤水溶性有机碳储量、土壤容重及pH值呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的负相关关系。因此可见,宁夏荒漠草原土壤有机碳稳定性最差,温性草原土壤有机碳活性大,土壤有机碳碳库的生物可利用性最高,宁夏温性天然草地土壤有机碳储量大,不应被低估。  相似文献   

9.
青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统土壤有机碳动态模拟研究   总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7  
李东  黄耀  吴琴  明珠  靳代樱 《草业学报》2010,19(2):160-168
 利用高寒草甸区植被、土壤和气候等资料,借助Century模型研究了青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统土壤有机碳的动态。以2003年7月-2005年7月逐月气象观测资料为输入变量,模拟了自然条件下高寒矮嵩草草甸0~20cm 土壤微生物呼吸CO2-C 通量季节变化。模拟值与观测值进行的回归分析显示,二者具有较好的一致性(R2=0.89,P<0.05)。土壤有机碳动态模拟表明:1)自然条件下高寒草甸土壤有机碳在经历了一个快速积累过程后,积累速率逐渐趋于缓和,最终达到并接近稳定状态。稳定状态下0~20cm 土壤总有机碳库约7597.50~7694.10gC/m。其中活性、缓性和惰性土壤有机碳组分占土壤总有机碳储量的2.80%,58.50% 和38.70%。2)过去45年(1960-2005)高寒草甸土壤有机碳呈振幅较为稳定的波动变化,但这种变化主要是土壤有机碳各组分波动变化的结果。气候波动对土壤有机碳影响主要与温度变化引起的惰性土壤有机碳库的变化有关,二者呈显著负相关(r=-0.548,P<0.01)。降水量对土壤有机碳及有机碳各组分的影响不显著。  相似文献   

10.
全球变暖严重影响着草地生态系统碳氮循环,了解高寒草地生态系统碳氮循环对合理利用有限的草地资源有着极为重要的意义。为了探索全球气候变暖的背景下草地生态系统碳氮循环过程,本文采用开顶式增温小室(Open top champers,OTCs)连续四年模拟增温,对青藏高原高寒草地生态系统碳库(植物生物量碳库、土壤有机碳库和土壤微生物生物量碳库)动态变化及氮库(植物生物量氮库、土壤有机氮库和土壤微生物生物量氮库)动态变化进行研究。结果显示:模拟增温后,表层土壤年均温度增加了2.50℃,底层土壤年均温度增加了1.36℃。增温处理下植物-土壤-微生物生物量碳含量均高于对照,且土壤微生物生物量碳含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。模拟增温处理下植物氮含量显著高于对照(P<0.05)。而土壤氮含量与微生物生物量氮含量均低于对照,差异不显著,说明高寒草甸碳氮对温度的响应较为明显。  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

13.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

14.
Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.  相似文献   

15.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.  相似文献   

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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

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The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

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