产IMP酶4种病原细菌的检测及其耐药性

采用16SrRNA和种特异基因的聚合酶链反应(polymerase chainreaction,PCR)鉴定菌株;用VITEK-AMS 60全自动微生物分析仪测定最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibition concentration,MIC);PCR测序检测已知的超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因(extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs)和碳青霉烯酶基因;改良型Carba NP法检测碳青霉烯酶类型。对来自4家医院的6株高水平耐碳青霉烯类抗生素临床分离菌株的检测和耐药性研究。结果显示,6株分别为阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产酸克雷伯菌各1株,肺炎克雷伯菌3株,且均为blaIMP扩增阳性,并携带1个或多个blaTEM、blaCTX-M-1group、blaSHV、blaVIM、blaOXA-1基因。6株菌均产B型碳青霉烯酶,且对头孢菌素类和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物高水平耐药。结果表明,6株菌对头孢菌素类和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物多重耐药的主要决定因子是产B型碳青霉烯酶IMP,且和携带ESBLs基因也相关。     

广东地区黄羽肉鸡肠杆菌中碳青霉烯耐药基因的流行病学调查

为了调查广东地区黄羽肉鸡肠杆菌的耐药性以及碳青霉烯耐药基因的流行病学特征,本研究于2020年8—10月从广东省4个黄羽肉鸡养殖场累计收集的248份样品中分离肠杆菌,利用大肠杆菌基因phoA和细菌16S rRNA进行菌种鉴定,采用琼脂扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法测定肠杆菌对13种药物的敏感性,通过PCR方法检测bla_NDM、bla_KPC、bla_OXA和bla_IMP四种常见碳青霉烯类耐药基因,并对耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌进行全基因组测序分析,通过接合转移试验探究碳青霉烯耐药基因的水平传播特征。细菌分离和鉴定结果显示,共计分离肠杆菌206株,分离率为83.06%,其中包括186株大肠杆菌、18株肺炎克雷伯菌和2株阴沟肠杆菌。药物敏感性试验结果显示,肠杆菌对氨苄西林钠(94.66%)、复方新诺明(94.66%)、氟苯尼考(86.89%)、盐酸多西环素(70.87%)和硫酸新霉素(61.17%)的耐药性较高,对硫酸阿米卡星(5.83%)、美罗培南(3.40%)和硫酸黏菌素(1.46%)的敏感性较高。PCR结果显示,共有7株...     

超级细菌从何而来?如何应对?

正世界各地人医临床一些常见病原菌尤其是"院内感染"病原菌近年来出现了泛耐药菌株(俗称"超级细菌"),特别引人关注:耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、耐万古霉素葡萄球菌(VRSA)、耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(MDR-PA)、泛耐药不动杆菌科细菌(PDR-AB)、产ESBL肠杆菌科细菌、多重耐药结核杆菌(XTB)等。     

伴侣动物源细菌质粒介导的黏菌素耐药机制研究进展

临床应用中，抗菌药物不合理使用导致细菌很容易产生耐药性甚至多重耐药性。由于碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性不断上升，黏菌素被视为对抗多重耐药菌的最后一道防线。然而，宠物和人类中已出现质粒介导的新型移动黏菌素抗性基因，产生的获得性耐药菌株将严重影响黏菌素的疗效，增大耐药基因跨物种传播的风险，给公共卫生造成重大威胁。论文从目前黏菌素的使用情况、耐药性形成和传播机制以及黏菌素耐药菌流行现状等几方面进行综述，以期为伴侣动物临床用药和耐药性转移的风险评估提供参考。     

大熊猫源产碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性和致病性研究

为了掌握产碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)在圈养大熊猫中的流行、耐药和致病情况,本研究采用碳青霉烯酶Carba NP检测法从178株大熊猫源肺炎克雷伯菌中分离鉴定出8株CRKP(4.5％).进一步采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)和PCR技术分别对CRKP分离株进行耐药性和碳青霉烯酶基因型研究,随机选取其中一株CRKP分离株...     

淄博地区猪源产ESBL大肠杆菌的多重耐药分析

为了解淄博地区猪源产ESBL大肠杆菌耐药特点,本研究于2016年4月对淄博地区3个养猪场采集猪粪便棉拭子,分离猪源产ESBL大肠杆菌,14种抗生素药敏片进行药敏检测。共收集236份猪粪便棉拭子样本,通过产ESBL确证试验获得94株产ESBL大肠杆菌,占猪源大肠杆菌的39.8%。所有产ESBL大肠杆菌菌株耐药性较强且呈现多重耐药,对碳青霉烯类药物敏感率较高。猪源产ESBL大肠杆菌分离率高且耐药谱广,给临床中应用抗生素的治疗猪源大肠杆菌病带来很大的障碍。     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及药物敏感性分析

分析鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性与超广谱β-内酰胺酶的关系,为临床相关感染的治疗提供理论依据。采用CLSI推荐的初步筛选试验和表型确证试验方法,检测了临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的情况,用微量稀释法测定了环丙沙星等9种抗菌药对其的抗菌活性。临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌中,有4株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,检出率为33%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的菌株对多种药物耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物之间产生交叉耐药,对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类产生多重耐药性,产酶菌的耐药性明显大于非产酶菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶是鸭大肠杆菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的主要机制之一。     

青岛市兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌的耐药性及多重耐药调控基因SoxS序列的分析

[目的] 了解兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌耐药特点,为掌握其造成的耐药性危害提供数据参考。[方法] 2015年3-4月从青岛4个养兔场采集118份兔粪便棉拭子,进行大肠杆菌分离,并检测对16种抗生素的耐药谱,及对多重耐药调控基因SoxS携带率。[结果] 从118份兔粪便棉拭子分离获得68株大肠杆菌,确证筛选出47株产ESBL大肠杆菌,占兔源大肠杆菌的69.1%。药敏结果显示所有产ESBL大肠杆菌菌株耐药性较强且呈现多重耐药,仅对碳青霉烯类药物敏感率100%。兔源产ESBL大肠杆菌多重耐药调控基SoxS携带率为100%,且不同动物源性产ESBL大肠杆菌的多重耐药调控基因同源关系较近。[结论]青岛地区兔源产ESBL 大肠杆菌分离率高且耐药谱广,多重耐药调控基因SoxS携带率高,主要涉及到细菌主动外排泵出机制,使得大肠杆菌对抗生素的敏感性中起到了至关重要的作用,本研究对抗生素在临床中的应用起指导意义。     

猪场环境中细菌分布情况及耐药性分析

从吉林省4家种猪场空气、粪便中分离到细菌296株,利用MALDI-TOF质谱对分离株进行鉴定,结果显示革兰氏阳性菌占细菌总数的76.7%,革兰氏阴性菌占23.3%。利用Vitek-32系统进行耐药性检测,结果显示凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药情况严重,对青霉素类、四环素、红霉素等抗生素具有很高的耐药率。革兰氏阴性菌中94%的大肠埃希菌表现为多重耐药,其中29.4%为产ESBL菌株,仅有头霉素类、碳青霉烯类和部分复方制剂对其具有抑制作用。非发酵菌对氨苄西林、复方新诺明耐药率已达到35%以上。结果表明,吉林省某些猪场可能存在条件性病原菌及耐药菌株的污染和威胁,定期加强调查监测,对科学使用抗生素、防止耐药株的传播扩散具有重要的现实意义。     

猪源大肠埃希菌消毒剂敏感性及耐药基因qacE△1-sulⅠ的试验

为了考察养殖场细菌消毒剂耐药性与抗菌药物耐药性的相关性,选择临床分离的104株猪源大肠埃希菌进行了消毒剂敏感性试验,并对消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因qacE△1-sulⅠ进行了检测.结果显示,临床分离大肠埃希菌消毒剂耐药性比质控菌明显提高,qacE△1-sulⅠ基因检出率高达95.19％.结果说明,受试消毒剂耐药性在养殖业中已日趋严重,进一步研究细菌消毒剂耐药及与抗菌药物交叉耐药性的机制迫在眉睫,以期对细菌消毒剂耐药的有效控制提供理论依据.     

噬菌体在防控畜禽细菌性感染中的应用

近年来,因持续饲喂或滥用抗生素而引起的耐药性、药物残留和食品安全等问题日益严重,尤其是多重耐药和泛耐药菌的出现严重威胁着人类的健康。因此,寻找一种安全、高效的抗生素替代品是保障动物源食品安全、提高动物健康水平,及促进社会发展的必然需求。噬菌体是一类能够侵染细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的病毒总称,与传统抗生素相比,噬菌体具有存在广泛、特异性强、安全和研发成本低等优势。人类关于噬菌体的研究报道由来已久,但是随着抗生素和化学抗菌药物的大量出现,噬菌体在欧美等发达国家的研究一度中断,直至20世纪80年代,由于多重耐药菌的出现,人类又重新重视噬菌体的研究,随着现代生物技术的发展,噬菌体已广泛应用到人类疫病防控、动植物病原菌清除及保障食品安全等方面,已成为人类对抗细菌性感染的利器。作者简述了噬菌体生物学特性、噬菌体疗法优缺点,以及防控猪、鸡的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌等常见细菌性感染方面的研究,以期为动物生产应用提供理论依据。     

A clinical approach to multidrug-resistant urinary tract infection and subclinical bacteriuria in dogs and cats

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant bacteria are increasingly isolated from the urinary tract of pets, particularly those that suffer from concurrent conditions, have been hospitalised, or were treated with antimicrobials in the recent past. Many of the multidrug-resistant bacteria encountered are resistant to all commonly used oral antibiotics. This poses both a therapeutic dilemma in the individual pet and a threat to public health. This article begins with an overview of multidrug resistance in organisms that are commonly isolated from the urinary tract of pets. This is followed by a proposed clinical approach to managing multidrug-resistant urinary bacteria, which summarises current knowledge regarding appropriate sampling and analysis, reviews the current guidelines regarding appropriate antimicrobial use and discusses treatment options that might be considered. The article highlights several shortcomings of the current knowledge to be considered when planning future clinical research and developing policies.     

Antimicrobial‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments

Antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta‐lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic‐resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended‐spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health.     

非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测技术与应用进展

自2018年8月以来,非洲猪瘟已成为我国养猪业的头号疫病,对养猪业造成了巨大损失。基于聚合酶链式反应(PCR)的核酸检测方法具有高灵敏性和高特异性,在对非洲猪瘟的诊断、感染监控和养殖复产过程中生物安全评价等方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对常用的核酸检测技术与特点、非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测方法的应用、核酸检测新技术展望3个方面进行了总结,以期为养猪企业在非洲猪瘟核酸检测和监测方面提供帮助。     

细菌的获得性耐药机制研究进展

抗菌药物的广泛使用,导致细菌耐药性日益严重,耐药菌所致的感染给人类健康及畜禽生产带来巨大威胁。细菌耐药可由多种机制所介导,研究细菌的耐药机制对防止或延缓耐药性的产生具有重要意义。近年来,影响药物与作用靶位结合及作用靶位结构变化等机制介导的耐药受到人们的关注。论文将对作用靶位变化导致细菌耐药问题的最新研究进展进行综述,以期为防止和延缓细菌耐药性的产生提供理论依据。     

Antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming: a quantitative and qualitative study on knowledge and practices among farmers in Khartoum, Sudan

Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging global public health threat. Farmers in the Khartoum state are believed to misuse antibiotics in animal farming leading to daily exposure to resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. Hence, farmers are at potential risk exposure to bacteria, zoonotic infection and toxicity. We hypothesized that farmers' misuse of antibiotics could be due to their ignorance of the importance of optimal use of antibiotics, the potential health hazards and the economical waste associated with antibiotic misuse practices. In the present study, we investigated knowledge and practices among farmers regarding antibiotic use and resistance. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state where data were collected from 81 farmers using structured interviews. Data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Fifty-two per cent of farmers were uneducated or had studied for < 6 years. The majority reported antibiotic use for treatment and prevention while only 5% stated use for growth promotion. Antibiotic group treatment for both sick and healthy animals was commonly practiced among most farmers. The most commonly used group of antibiotics was the quinolones, which was reported by one-third. Only 30% of the farmers had heard of antibiotic resistance and provided their definition. Almost half were not aware of the commonly transferred zoonotic infections between humans and animals. The farmers consume 1-2 meals/day from their own farm products. A significant association between low education, poor knowledge of farmers on antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and zoonotic infections was found. This association may play a vital role in the present practiced misuse of antibiotics. Our findings on farmers' practices could be used as baseline information in defining the gaps related to antibiotic use and resistance in animal farming in Sudan. It can thus serve as a foundation for future interventions.     

Control of trichinellosis by inspection and farm management practices

The prevention of human trichinellosis by proper meat inspection is a classic example of successful veterinary public health measures. The microscopic methods which have been used for more than a century to test pigs for trichinae were intended to prevent human disease. However, the value of these relatively insensitive direct detection methods, including trichinoscopy and pooled sample digestion, was debated as soon as more sensitive indirect (serological) methods became available. Two issues related to testing were discussed. First, should public health authorities endeavour to prevent all infections of humans rather than simply prevent the occurrence of disease, and second, would epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of the pig population on farms not provide a better control system to prevent human infection. This latter issue is of particular importance for those countries in the world where human trichinellosis acquired from farmed animals is absent and examination of pigs at the abattoir only results in negative findings. In countries where domestic pig infections are virtually non-existent, monitoring of Trichinella infection in wildlife could also contribute to understanding the infection pressure from nature to livestock. Trichinella-free pig farming is a feasible option for controlling this zoonosis, even in endemic areas. This approach provides an opportunity to combine good veterinary practice, in order to prevent animal diseases, with the prevention of Trichinella infection. All animals with access to the environment, or animals which are fed with potentially Trichinella-infected feed (swill, carcasses) will always constitute a public health threat, and must be inspected individually at slaughter (swine, horses, wild boars). Finally, it is important to recognize that trichinellosis is a world-wide problem that needs continuous public health attention. If no control system exists, for whatever reason, the public should be educated not to consume improperly cooked meat.     

猪细菌性传染病病原检测新方法研究进展

细菌性传染病是生猪养殖业的严重威胁之一，近年来其发病情况呈现出新变化，对动物产品质量和公共卫生安全造成严重危害。对病原进行快速、准确的检测，是预防和控制猪病的有效手段，对养猪业发展和人畜健康具有重要意义。伴随生命科学技术的发展和学科间的交叉融合，传统的病原菌分离培养、普通PCR方法和早期免疫学等检测技术均朝着精确高效的方向不断发展革新，并以传统方法为基础建立了多种新型检测技术。文章重点介绍了猪细菌性传染病病原检测的几种新技术：以核酸分子生物学为基础的实时荧光定量PCR法（qPCR）、环介导等温扩增法（LAMP）、夹心DNA杂交（DNAH）等；以免疫学为基础的免疫胶体金标记技术、时间分辨荧光免疫分析法（TRFIA）、免疫磁珠分离法（IMS）等；以蛋白质分子生物学为基础的细菌质谱鉴定技术；以及适用于现场快速诊断的即时检测（POCT）技术，并分析了这几种新技术的优缺点，为不同条件的检测机构和研究部门在开展猪细菌性传染病检测和研究时选择相应的方法提供一定的参考，以期在猪病预防控制中发挥更加积极的作用。     

利用黑水虻处理畜禽粪便中残留抗菌药物研究进展

抗菌药物具有预防和治疗动物疾病的作用,并在一定程度上可促进动物生长发育。畜禽粪便中残留的抗菌药物不仅会造成环境污染,还可导致动物源耐药性菌株在环境中的传播扩散,对公共卫生安全和人类健康带来威胁。采用高效便捷处理方法降低畜禽粪便中抗菌药物残留可在一定程度上减少生态环境污染。传统的处理方法有厌氧消化及好氧堆肥等,能有效减少畜禽粪便中抗菌药物的残留,但存在抗菌药物不能完全去除、处理条件要求高的缺点。近年来,利用黑水虻幼虫处理畜禽粪便中残留抗菌药物引起人们的关注。概述了畜禽粪便中常见的残留抗菌药物,分析了采用厌氧消化和好氧堆肥等传统处理畜禽粪便中抗菌药物的方法,以及利用黑水虻处理畜禽粪便中抗菌药物的新方法对残留抗菌药物的去除效率,以期为畜禽粪便中残留抗菌药物处理方法的研究与应用提供参考。     

Stakeholder position paper: poultry

There has been renewed concern in recent years about the use of antibiotics in food animal production and the potential risk it may pose to public health due to transfer of antibiotic resistance factors via the food supply. Although a legitimate concern, it bears reminding that this debate is not new. It has been ongoing for decades, yet there is still no documented case of human treatment failure due to antibiotic resistant bacteria acquired from USDA-inspected meat and poultry. This fact strongly suggests that the issue is not the imminent threat as has been portrayed by certain individuals or advocacy groups. The poultry industry as a whole has been using antibiotics responsibly for several decades, and there are strong beneficial arguments for their continued use. Responsible public policy demands a science-based approach be utilized in the decision making process before attempting to restrict or remove certain products due to overestimated risks. Part of this scientific review should include antibiotic use data, however this information has definite limitations and shortcomings which need to be understood before attempting to make any valid antibiotic resistance associations.