青蒿素与癸氧喹酯联用对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的预防作用

为了评价青蒿素(artemisinin,ART)和癸氧喹酯(decoquinate,DQ)对球虫病的预防作用,选用柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)的孢子化卵囊(6×104个/只)接种15日龄仔鸡制备球虫病模型,将肉鸡分为空白对照组、感染对照组、ART处理组、DQ处理组以及联合用药(ART+DQ)处理组,进行相对增重率、存活率、盲肠病变、卵囊数及抗球虫指数(anticoccidial index,ACI)的记录和测定。结果显示:感染对照组出现少量死亡,盲肠病变严重,增重率较低;药物处理组盲肠病变情况明显改善,和感染对照组比增重率明显升高,其中ART+DQ组显著升高(P0.05);盲肠组织HE染色结果趋势一致;ART、DQ以及ART+DQ组的ACI分别为157.2,186.6和205.5。结果表明:ART对柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的预防效果不如DQ,两者联合应用具有明显协同作用。     

癸氧喹酯与妥曲珠利抗斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株效果比较

为探讨癸氧喹酯与妥曲珠利抗斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株的效果,试验将40只无球虫感染的獭兔随机分为4组,第Ⅰ组为癸氧喹酯组、第Ⅱ组为妥曲珠利组、第Ⅲ组为感染不用药组、第Ⅳ组为不感染不用药组。第Ⅰ组和第Ⅱ组于感染前第3天用药至试验结束。第Ⅰ~Ⅲ组每只獭兔人工感染斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株孢子化卵囊1×105个,统计各组存活率、卵囊排出量、平均增重、饲料转化率、病变记分。结果表明:第Ⅱ组在卵囊排出量、平均增重、病变记分方面均优于第Ⅰ组。说明妥曲珠利可用于预防控制洛阳地区兔肝球虫病。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫莆田株抗药性研究

为掌握鸡场球虫抗药程度,以便制定合理用药方案,采集福建省莆田市某鸡场盲肠球虫,进行柔嫩艾美耳球虫单卵囊分离和纯化;采用鸡体试验法,设立5个用药组、1个感染不用药对照组和1个不感染不用药对照组,以病变记分减少率(Reduction of lesion sores,RLS)、抗球虫指数(Anticoccidial index,ACI)、相对盲肠卵囊产量(Relative at oocyst production,ROP)和最适抗球虫活性百分率(Percent of optimum anticoccidial activity,POAA)4项为指标,检测该球虫对癸氧喹酯、尼卡巴嗪、地克珠利、二硝托胺和氯苯胍等5种常用抗球虫药的抗药性。结果表明:该虫株对癸氧喹酯敏感,对地克珠利、二硝托胺和氯苯胍具有完全抗药性,对尼卡巴嗪为中度抗药性,说明目前莆田市球虫抗药性非常严重,癸氧喹酯可用于抗球虫病,其他药物应慎用或暂停使用。     

癸氧喹酯和托曲珠利治疗性预防犊牛球虫病的动态效果评价

为了探讨托曲珠利和癸氧喹酯对犊牛球虫病治疗性预防的效果,根据用药前所测球虫感染情况,将未使用抗球虫药物治疗且体重无差异的72头3月龄犊牛分为癸氧喹酯组、托曲珠利组和对照组。分别在用药后第0、7、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、84、112、196天监测并分析犊牛粪便中球虫卵囊数量变化和犊牛体重变化。结果表明：癸氧喹酯组、托曲珠利组中犊牛球虫卵囊排出率和排出量均显著低于对照组犊牛球虫。癸氧喹酯组犊牛在连续用药后19 d无卵囊排出;托曲珠利组犊牛7～28 d内卵囊排出率为4.17%,28～49 d内卵囊排出率为8.33%。癸氧喹酯连用30 d后药物持效期为19 d,托曲珠利单次用药后药物持效期为49 d。药物治疗组的犊牛平均体重的增长速度均显著高于对照组（p<0.05）,托曲珠利组犊牛体重相较于癸氧喹酯组犊牛体重无差异（p>0.05）。说明托曲珠利和癸氧喹酯药物均能有效治疗性预防犊牛球虫病,其中癸氧喹酯药物治疗性预防的周期为19 d,托曲珠利药物治疗性预防的周期为49 d。     

柔嫩艾美球虫常州株对5种抗球虫药的抗药性分析

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)常州分离株感染14日龄苏禽黄羽肉鸡,设立5个用药组、1个感染不用药对照组和1个不感染不用药对照组,以相对卵囊产量、病变记分减少率、最适抗球虫百分数和抗球虫指数为指标对该虫株对球虫宁、地克珠利、马杜霉素、磺胺氯吡嗪、癸氧喹酯5种常用抗球虫药的抗药性进行了综合评定,分析了该地区球虫的抗药性及用药对策。结果表明,该虫株对癸氧喹酯敏感,对球虫宁、地克珠利、马杜霉素、磺胺氯吡嗪具有完全抗药性,提示目前常州地区球虫抗药性非常严重,癸氧喹酯抗球虫疗效最好,其他药物应合理使用、应慎用、减少或暂停使用。     

青蒿素与抗菌增效剂联合抗鸡球虫效果评价

为探讨青蒿素(ART)与二甲氧苄啶(DVD)或三甲氧苄啶(TMP)联合用药对鸡球虫病的防治效果,选用84只黄羽肉鸡,分为7组,除空白组外,其他试验组每只鸡经口接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊8×10~4个,各试验组在接种前一天开始用药至试验结束。通过鸡平均日增重、盲肠病变记分、血便记分、抗球虫指数(ACI)、免疫器官指数等指标来评价ART与DVD或TMP联合用药的抗球虫效果。结果表明ART与DVD或TMP联合用药明显减轻了血便记分和盲肠病变,且平均日增重极显著高于感染对照组(P0.01),也明显高于ART、DVD和TMP单独给药组(P0.05)。表明ART与两种抗菌增效剂联合应用在抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染时有增效作用。     

青蒿散抗鸡球虫药效研究

为探讨青蒿散对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)的防治效果,本试验选取90只健康黄羽肉鸡,分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组(感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组)试验鸡均经口感染6×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,各试验组在接种前一天开始用药至试验结束。记录各组试验鸡的眼观病变、组织病理学检查、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、血便记分、每克粪便中的卵囊数(OPG)、卵囊值及抗球虫指数(ACI)指标,评价青蒿散不同给药浓度的抗球虫效果。结果显示,空白对照组、感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组的抗球虫指数分别为200.00、72.23、157.19、82.89、125.32和137.06,与感染对照组相比,药物对照组和青蒿散各剂量组的眼观病变、组织病理学检查均有所缓解,青蒿散能减轻病鸡盲肠的肿胀和出血等症状,且病鸡精神状态较感染对照组好;与感染对照组相比,各给药组的平均增重均有所升高,盲肠病变、卵囊值及血便情况减少。综上所述,青蒿散能缓解柔嫩艾美耳球虫侵染鸡盲肠所致的病理症状和组织病变,减少粪便中卵囊的排出数量,有一定的抗球虫效果,且给药浓度越高抗球虫效果越好,具有剂量依赖性。     

青蒿散抗鸡球虫药效研究

为探讨青蒿散对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫（E.tenella）的防治效果,本试验选取90只健康黄羽肉鸡,分为6组,除空白对照组外,其余各组（感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组）试验鸡均经口感染6×10⁴个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,各试验组在接种前一天开始用药至试验结束。记录各组试验鸡的眼观病变、组织病理学检查、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、血便记分、每克粪便中的卵囊数（OPG）、卵囊值及抗球虫指数（ACI）指标,评价青蒿散不同给药浓度的抗球虫效果。结果显示,空白对照组、感染对照组、药物对照组及青蒿散低、中、高剂量组的抗球虫指数分别为200.00、72.23、157.19、82.89、125.32和137.06,与感染对照组相比,药物对照组和青蒿散各剂量组的眼观病变、组织病理学检查均有所缓解,青蒿散能减轻病鸡盲肠的肿胀和出血等症状,且病鸡精神状态较感染对照组好;与感染对照组相比,各给药组的平均增重均有所升高,盲肠病变、卵囊值及血便情况减少。综上所述,青蒿散能缓解柔嫩艾美耳球虫侵染鸡盲肠所致的病理症状和组织病变,减少粪便中卵囊的排出数量,有一定的抗球虫效果,且给药浓度越高抗球虫效果越好,具有剂量依赖性。     

穿心莲片对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染的防治作用

穿心莲作为清热解毒类中药,具有抑制炎症、抗感染等药理活性,其对鸡球虫感染所致肠道炎症的作用尚不清楚。本文以柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)接种制作雏鸡球虫感染模型,在接种前1d至接种后6d连续口服给予不同剂量的穿心莲片剂(50mg,100mg,200mg)。试验结果表明,200mg组中感染鸡的血便排出推迟了1d,且明显降低了血便记分和粪便卵囊排出量,盲肠病变记分也相应降低。对E.tenella感染引起的增重以及中枢免疫器官(胸腺、法氏囊)指数的下降有回升作用,且表现出一定的剂量效应。不同剂量组的抗球虫指数均低于160。这说明穿心莲片能减轻雏鸡E.tenella的感染程度,但未达到中效抗球虫药的疗效。     

癸氧喹酯抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病机理研究

为探讨癸氧喹酯抗球虫机理,本试验选用1日龄的艾维因肉鸡90羽,随机分为3组,分别为非攻虫对照组(CK1组)、攻虫对照组(CK2组)和处理组(Dec组,饲粮中添加500mg/kg癸氧喹酯),每组3个重复,每个重复10羽,17日龄攻虫,攻虫量为孢子化卵囊5×104个/羽,24日龄全部宰杀。结果表明:Dec组鸡平均增重显著高于CK2组(P<0.05),卵囊减少31.87%(P<0.01),盲肠病变计分较CK2组降低58.3%(P<0.01),ACI较CK2组显著提高了18.5%(P<0.01);Dec组IFN-γ、IgG、TNF-α含量、CD4+/CD8+值较CK2组分别显著提高了53.87%(P<0.01)、14.6%(P<0.05)、21.76%(P<0.01)、42.2%(P<0.05),sIgA含量提高了近29倍(P<0.01)。结果表明,癸氧喹酯能抑制鸡球虫在体内的繁殖,改善由鸡球虫造成的盲肠病变,激活肉仔鸡免疫系统。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.