基于MODIS数据的中国草地生态体系价值估算研究

在传统的草原生态系统价值估算的基础上,利用遥感技术,以谢高地等人计算出来的各种草地类型单位面积价值量为经济参数,利用2003年MODIS数据估算的中国草原生态系统服务价值约折合US$311.48×108,并从草地类型和省区等角度分别进行区域分析,表明我国草原生态系统服务价值呈现出农牧交错带较高且逐渐向牧区递减的特征,说明牧区草原生态系统退化比较严重,草原生态功能保护意识需要进一步加强。     

基于当量因子法的甘肃省草原生态系统服务价值评估

天然草原是甘肃省最大陆地生态系统,是全省乃至全国的重要生态屏障,科学、准确地估算甘肃省天然草原生态系统服务价值,对甘肃草原重要性认识和生态安全维持具有重要意义.本研究利用甘肃省主要粮食作物产量和价格数据,计算出甘肃省生态系统服务价值基准单价,然后结合甘肃省各种草原类生物量,修正甘肃省草原生态系统服务价值当量,最后计算出甘肃省各类草原生态系统服务价值.结果表明:1)草原提供的其他单项生态系统服务价值均在食物生产和原材料生产价值的3.1倍和3.7倍以上;2)甘肃省暖性灌草丛单位面积生态服务价值最高,为84418.28元·hm?2,温性荒漠单位面积生态服务价值最低,为10120.21元·hm?2;3)甘肃省草原生态服务总价值为7069.73×108元,是2016年畜牧业总产值的23倍,约等于甘肃省2016年国民生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP);4)高寒草甸生态系统服务总价值最高,为1733.27×108元,占草原生态系统服务价值的24.52％;高寒荒漠生态系统服务总价值最低,为58.51×108元,占草原生态服务价值的0.83％.本研究不仅为区域内生态系统服务价值的估算提供了思路,也为利用法律手段保护草原提供了科学依据.     

典型草原蝗虫预测预报与综合防治技术规程探讨——以锡林郭勒草原为例

我国11片重点牧区中,有9片分布在温性典型草原,面积达2175万hm2,占全国草地总面积的5.54%。其中锡林郭勒片面积最大,占温性典型草原面积的45.7%,占锡林郭勒片草地总面积的58%。所以,研究锡林郭勒草原蝗虫预测预报及防治技术对全国典型草原具有代表性。鉴于我国目前没有较完整的典型草原蝗虫预测预报及综合防治技术规程,本文根据多年来防治草原蝗虫的技术及经验,提出《典型草原蝗虫预测预报及综合防治技术规程》,希望能为决策部门提供参考依据。     

报刊文摘

内蒙古锡林郭勒草原最大肉羊加工项目投产内蒙古草原伊盛肉业锡林浩特肉羊加工基地正式投入生产,这条日加工4000只羊的生产线是锡林郭勒草原目前最大的肉羊加工项目。草原伊盛肉业公司董事长朱庆让介绍,草原伊盛肉业锡林浩特肉羊加工基地一期工程总投资近亿元,年生产能力为100万只羊。产品以锡林郭勒草原上的苏尼特羊、乌珠穆沁肥尾羊为原料,有肥羊系列、冷却带骨系列、冷却排酸系列等6大类100多个品种。据了解,草原伊盛肉业有限公司由呼和浩特铁路局多经公司、集通铁路公司、伊盛公司等4家企业合股建成,是内蒙古自治区最主要的农牧业产业化…     

吉林省西部草原退化与兴办草业的探讨

吉林省西部草原是我省重要的畜牧业生产基地。近些年来,由于对草原的利用管理不当,造成目前约有1/3的草原发生严重退化、沙化和碱化。更令人担心的是,这种退化趋势至今仍在加剧,每年大约以3%的退化速度继续扩展,超过了1.5%年建设速度的一倍多。这种输入低于输出的状况,不仅使草原生态环境进一步恶化,而且导致自然环境更加劣化,直     

基于Markov-PLUS和InVEST模型的锡林郭勒草原碳储量变化预测

【目的】研究锡林郭勒草原土地利用对碳储量的影响，了解草原生态系统固碳能力的变化趋势。【方法】基于1995-2015年土地利用变化规律，结合场景分析法和Markov-PLUS复合模型，模拟锡林郭勒草原历史趋势、经济发展和生态保护3个场景下2035年的土地利用空间分布，并利用InVEST模型预测相应的碳储量，分析土地利用变化对碳储量的影响。【结果】(1)1995-2015年，锡林郭勒草原林地和城乡工矿居民用地面积持续增加，草地面积减少，但草地仍是占比最大的土地利用类型，20年间区域碳储量增加了18 228.93×10³ t;(2)预测到2035年，历史趋势和经济发展场景下，用地面积增加的主要为草地和城乡工矿居民用地，生态保护场景下为林地和草地，3种场景下碳储量增量分别为4419.74×10³、1 1207.75×10³和18 498.45×10³ t。【结论】Markov-PLUS和InVEST模型预测锡林郭勒草原未来土地利用和碳储量变化获得的结果可靠；预测结果表明，1995-2035年锡林郭勒碳储量呈...     

内蒙古草原退化惊人 鄂尔多斯草原沙化面积已达68%

内蒙古草原退化严重,已经到了惊人的程度。6359万多hm~2可利用草地面积中,目前退化草地面积已达3867万hm~2,占可利用草原的60％。素以水草丰美著称的全国重点牧区呼伦贝尔草原和锡林郭勒草原,退化面积分别达23％和41％,鄂尔多斯草原的退化最为严重,面积达68％以上。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟退化、沙化草地现状及治理对策

本文从阐述锡林郭勒盟草原退化、沙化、盐渍化现状入手,分析了锡林郭勒草原退化、沙化、盐渍化的成因,有自然、人为两方面因素,自然因素主要是干旱少雨,生态条件脆弱;人为因素主要是长时期的开垦草原,超负荷的利用草原,以及一些不合理的管理制度造成＂三化＂草原面积加大。根据锡林郭勒草原退化、沙化、盐渍化现状,有针对性地提出科学规划、合理利用,完善制度、加强管理,加强建设、提高效益,认真贯彻落实国家草原生态保护补助奖励政策等具体措施。     

基于MOD16的锡林郭勒草原14年蒸散发时空分布特征

基于MODIS全球陆地蒸散发产品(MOD16),对锡林郭勒草原近14年蒸散发的年际和年内时空变化规律进行分析,同时探究不同类型草原蒸散发的变化特征。结果表明:(1)2000~2013年研究区蒸散发有波动中缓慢上升的趋势,在175.2~234.5mm间波动,多年年均值达204mm。月蒸散量高值集中在水分充足、气温较高、植被生长旺盛的6~8月份,在7月份达到最大值。(2)锡林郭勒草原多年平均蒸散发的空间格局由东北向西南逐渐减少,植被覆盖度高的区域蒸散量大,近14年来蒸散发的变化有增加趋势的面积大于呈减少趋势的面积,其中呈显著增加的像元主要位于东乌珠穆沁旗北部;减少的地区主要分布在二连浩特、苏尼特右旗及苏尼特左旗西部等。(3)不同草原类型蒸散发量由草甸草原向草原化荒漠、典型草原和荒漠草原逐渐减少。(4)在年际尺度上,在锡林郭勒地区降水是影响蒸散量的更为重要的因素。     

西藏草地资源价值及退化损失评估

用4类共13个指标评估了西藏草地资源的价值,并根据草地资源退化速率评估了草地价值年损失量.结果表明,西藏草地资源的价值为1080.33×108元·a-1,包括:调节功能价值884.4989×108元·a-1(81.87%);实物提供价值173.2957×108元·a-1(16.04%);支持功能价值18.6253×108元·a-1(1.72%);旅游功能价值3.91×108元·a-1(0.36%).其中,调节功能的价值由6项组成(空气质量调节未计算),依大小次序排列为土壤碳累积、蓄水、营养物质循环、土壤保持、废弃物降解和养分归还.总体来看,草地资源的文化功能和支持功能有待进一步发展.西藏草地资源的总价值(现值)为11883.63亿元,退化损失的价值为2376.726亿元,年草地资源退化损失价值为297.091亿元.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.