我国地方水禽品种简介Ⅲ——肉用型鸭、大型鹅、中型鹅、小型鹅

肉用型鸭：北京鸭 大型鹅：狮头鹅 中型鹅：皖西白鹅、雁鹅、溆浦鹅、浙东白鹅、四川白鹅、兴国灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅、丰城灰鹅、武冈铜鹅、马岗鹅、钢鹅 小型鹅、太湖鹅、豁眼鹅、乌鬃鹅、酃县白鹅、长乐鹅、伊犁鹅、籽鹅、永康灰鹅、闽北白鹅、莲花白鹅、百子鹅、阳江鹅、右江鹅、织金白鹅[编者按]     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041～0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切.     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041~0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切。     

运用两类分子标记分析我国5个家鹅品种的遗传多样性和系统进化

首次运用33对微卫星标记(核内标记)和mtDNA D-环 521 bp 标记(核外标记),综合分析研究了我国丰城灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅、莲花白鹅、兴国灰鹅和伊犁鹅5个家鹅地方品种的遗传多样性和系统进化.结果表明:5个家鹅品种的杂合度,多态信息含量,单倍型多样度,核苷酸多样度分别为0.4 277～0.4 932,0.3 542～0.4 186,0～0.25 和 0～0.00 048,遗传多样度不丰富,两种标记构建的系统发生树均表明丰城灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅、莲花白鹅和兴国灰鹅等4个家鹅起源于鸿雁;伊犁鹅起源于灰雁.     

我国家鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级分析

本研究旨在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级,为更好地制定我国地方鸭品种资源保护方案提供理论依据.采用28个微卫星标记计算我国24个地方鸭品种间DR遗传距离、基因流(Nm)、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度,并采用Weitzman和Caballero两种遗传多样性保护理论,分析各品种在遗传多样性最大化保护中的相对重要性.结果表明,28个微卫星座位的Ewens-Watterson检验均属选择中立性,各位点平均多态信息含量为0.494 4;三穗鸭(SS)的观察杂合度最高(0.8648),大余鸭(DY)的观察杂合度最低(0.7208),靖西大麻鸭(JXD)的多态信息含量最高(0.581 6),金定鸭(JD)的多态信息含量最低(0.434 7);四川麻鸭(SC)和汉中麻鸭(HZ)之间的遗传距离最远(0.425 7),基因流最小(0.471 1),广西小麻鸭(XL)和靖西大麻鸭之间的遗传距离最近(0.166 4),基因流最大(1.380 8).Weitzman保护理论分析中,临武鸭(LW)、四川麻鸭(SC)、高邮鸭(GY)和北京鸭(BJ)的贡献率较高(>5.0%);Caballero保护理论分析中,绍兴鸭(SX)、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭(CH)和兴义鸭(XY)具有较高的正贡献率(>0.2%),与Weitzman保护理论确定的等级顺序存在一定差异,主要原因是Weitzman保护理论没有考虑到品种内遗传多样性.在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级时,应充分考虑品种问遗传多样性和品种内遗传多样性.绍兴鸭、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭、兴义鸭、高邮鸭、临武鸭、汉中麻鸭、沔阳麻鸭(MY)、荆江麻鸭(JJ)、三穗鸭、恩施麻鸭(ES)、北京鸭、淮南麻鸭(HN)、云南麻鸭(YN)、攸县麻鸭(YX)、微山麻鸭(WS)16个品种对我国家鸭资源总体遗传多样性具有较高的贡献率,在品种资源保护中应当给予优先保护等级.     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究。结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值。各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430)。结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致。     

我国十个鹅品种的遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用多态性丰富的15个微卫星标记对列入国家级畜禽保护名录的10个鹅品种群体遗传结构、遗传分化及基因流进行研究.结果表明:10个鹅群体总近交系数(Fit)为-0.044,群体内近交系数(Fis)为-0.408,群体间基因分化系数(Fst)为0.257,3个固定指数只有Fst 达到极显著水平(P<0.01).鹅群体内近交系数(Fis)均为负值.各个鹅群体间,豁眼鹅与伊犁鹅的基因流值最小(Nm=0.416),四川白鹅与伊犁鹅间基因流值最大(Nm=1.430).结合基因流和STRUCTURE分析结果,10个地方鹅品种可划分为四类:兴国灰鹅、豁眼鹅和太湖鹅为一类,四川白鹅、狮头鹅和乌鬃鹅为一类,酃县白鹅和皖西白鹅为一类,雁鹅和伊犁鹅为一类,这种聚类结果与各个品种的选育历史和地理分布等一致.     

不同鹅种饲养对比试验

近年来,我县养鹅业发展较快。为指导养鹅生产提供科学依据,于1987年5月1日至6月21日在县畜种站进行浙东白鹅、本地灰鹅、狮头鹅和太湖白鹅等四个品种的饲养对比试验。现将试验情况总结如下。材料和方法(一)材料来源1987年3月从象山县种鹅场购入浙东白鹅种蛋100枚;从本县种鹅户购入本地灰鹅种蛋114枚,狮头鹅种蛋121枚,从苏州市食品公司家禽孵化场购入太湖白鹅种蛋200枚,     

江西地方家鹅资源遗传结构及遗传分化研究

利用25对微卫星标记研究了江西4个家鹩资源群体(莲花白鹅、兴国灰鹅、广丰白翎鹅和丰城灰鹅)的遗传结构及遗传分化,通过计算F-统计量、基因分化系数和基因流等参数,评估了各群体间遗传结构与分化.结果表明:4个鹅群体间存在较大的遗传分化,20.7%的遗传变异来自于群体间的差异.就全群而言,基因分化系数(GST)为0.1667.莲花白鹅与兴国灰鹅之间的基因流(Nm=1.1802)最大,广丰白翎鹅与丰城灰鹅的基因流(Nm=0.8577)最小.莲花白鹅与兴国灰鹅Ds遗传距离(0.2036)最近,广丰白翎鹅与兴国灰鹅的DS遗传距离(0.2935)最远.基于DS遗传距离采用NJ聚类法构建系统树,4个家鹅资源被划分为2大类.分析遗传分化与地理距离的相关关系发现,江西地方鹅种的遗传分化与地理距离不存在明显关联.     

几种江西地方品种鹅肌肉化学成分测定分析

为探索江西地方品种鹅肉嫩味美的机理,比较不同鹅品种肌肉成分的特点,对120日龄的4种江西地方品种鹅:莲花白鹅、广丰白银鹅、兴国灰鹅、丰城灰鹅进行肌肉常规化学成分及脂肪酸测定比较,结果表明,蛋白质、灰分及水分3项指标在品种间达极显著水平(P<0.01),其中水分含量以莲花白鹅最高达73.389%,兴国灰鹅最低为69.473%;蛋白质和灰分含量以兴国灰鹅最高,分别为24.379%和1.462%,丰城灰鹅最低,分别为21.604%和1.290%;脂肪含量以兴国灰鹅最高,但各品种间差异不显著,不饱和脂肪酸的含量也以兴国灰鹅最高。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.