华南红壤山地人工草地施肥试验

人工草地施肥试验的结果表明，在亚热带红壤丘陵山地立地条件较差的情况下，人工草地建植当年适宜的施肥组合是Ｎ６９Ｐ５４，干草产量每公顷可达５３３７．５ｋｇ，且增施磷肥的作用比较明显；翌年，以Ｎ２０７Ｐ５４为好，每公顷产量可达９０８８．９ｋｇ，但氮肥的影响较大。氮、磷肥混合施用的效果显著高于（Ｐ〈０．０１）二者单施的肥效。增施氮肥能改善牧草品质，提高其饲用价值。铜、锌、硼肥无论单施还是混施，对牧草产量的     

高寒半干旱区油菜与豆科牧草混播草地施肥效应

油菜与豆科牧草混播草地施肥效应表明，氮磷合理配施促进土壤水分消耗，干草、植物量和施肥产投比显著提高。坡梁地最高植物产量施肥量Ｎ为７８．０６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５为６１．１５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，最高干草产量施肥量Ｎ为７６．６５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５为５７．２９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，增产效果Ｎ＞Ｐ２Ｏ５；旱滩地最高植物产量施肥量Ｎ为５８．３３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５为５５．６８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，最高干草产量施肥量Ｎ为５３．６０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５为５９．１１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，增产效果Ｐ２Ｏ５＞Ｎ；且氮磷具有明显的正交互效应。氮磷合理配施还显著提高了水分利用效率，坡梁地和旱滩地分别提高３．０５和２．６７ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ２）。     

提高退化赖草地生产量的试验研究初报

对退化赖草地采取施肥、灌溉、耕翻及划破草皮等综合措施进行了试验研究,结果表明,以上措施可明显提高草地生产量,连续灌溉数年的退化赖草地,施４５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２硝酸铵或３９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２尿 获得最佳增产效果和经济效益;同时间隔耕翻松土或划破草皮,增幅度可达１２８％－１９３％;年内灌溉２次,灌溉量达３０００ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２,即可满足当地牧草正常生长发育需要。     

人工草地施肥试验研究

１９９８年在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站进行的试验结果表明,施Ｎ肥和Ｐ肥均使草地生产力显著提高;Ｎ肥以２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２尿素较为适宜,Ｐ肥以１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２过磷酸钙较为适宜,在混播草地中,施Ｎ肥和Ｐ肥对羊草＋草原２号芷蓿草地与无芒雀麦＋原草２号苜蓿草地增产效果都很显著,相对来说前者比后者更好。     

施氮与株丛切割对退化新麦草草地的改良效果

本文研究了施氮肥和株丛切割对退化新麦草人草地生产性能的影响，结果表明，施氮肥和株丛切割提高了新麦草草地生产性能和生产力。此外，施氮肥可改善牧草品质及土壤牮氮能力。株丛切割和施氮肥（１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）相结合与单施氮肥相比，成本较低，对退化新麦草草地的改良效果良好，年均产草量２６７９．５ｋｇＤＭ／ｈｍ＾２。     

祁连山北麓高寒牧区人工混播草地适宜播种与施氮量的研究

试区燕麦与箭舌琬豆混播条件下播种量与施Ｎ量关系的研究结果表明，播种量对产草量影响较大，施Ｎ量影响程度相对较小；播种量与施Ｎ量之间呈负交互效应，其最佳配比线方程为Ｂ＝２７１．６３９８－０．１１９３Ｎ；鲜草产量最大时的播种量为２３７ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，施Ｎ量为２９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

云南人工草地综合复壮技术的研究

用正交试验方法,通过除杂、施肥,补播等综合措施,对因杂草侵入,缺水缺肥,利用过度而导致建植草种过早丧失生产性能的“多年生黑麦草－白三叶”人工草地进行复壮试验,结果表明,施肥是较有效的复壮措施,牧草产量提高６５．４％;１００％除杂,施用尿素１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,普钙１０５ｋｇ／ｈｍ,硫酸钾３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,松土撒播多年生黑麦草种子１３．５ｋｇ,白三叶草籽４．５ｋｇ为最佳技术组合,２年平均其牧草产量     

不同施氮量对高山草甸草地牧草产量及营养成分的影响

对高山草甸草地施氮５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的试验结果：产草量提高１１０．２％和１７２．２７％，粗蛋白质产量提高１２６．３９％和１９６．１０％，但施氮对牧草其它营养成份无明显影响。实施本项技术措施后，能提高高山草甸冬春牧地的载畜量，具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。     

华南红壤山地牧草混播组合的研究

选用适宜华南红壤山地栽培的７个主要牧草进行７个处理的混播组合，结果以卡松古鲁狗尾草＋宽叶雀脾＋马唐＋鸡眼草组合为最好，在华南红壤山地位地条件较差，年施尿素１１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２和钙镁磷肥４１２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２的情况下，人工草地建植当年干草产是一可达７９６８．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，翌年为９０７３．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２。     

围栏草地施肥效果试验

１９９８年５月在黄南州河南县进行了天然草地施肥试验。结果表明：施尿素为２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、１５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时,其产量（ＤＭ）分别为：５４７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、５０９３．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、５０４６．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２;比对照高３４．７３％、２５．４５％、２４．３０％;施羊板粪１５０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２时,其产量为４８２３．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照高１８．８０％。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.